Philadelphia
January 25-29, 1997
ASHRAE Winter Meeting Technical Program

Sunday
January 26, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT.
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 1
Room: 113C
Chair: Maureen Grasso

A Sensitivity Study of Floor and Ceiling Plenum Energy Model Parameters (RP-787) (4012)
Brian Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Member, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, Donald J. Wolfe, Student Member, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
ASHRAE Research Project 787 was a computational study of the factors that influence heat transfer in ceiling and floor plenums. The heat transfer phenomena in plenums are complex and include conduction, convection, and radiation modes. The public domain nodal program HLITE was used in the project to find the steady-periodic cooling loads in typical office/plenum spaces. A companion program VLITE was used to solve for the radiation view factors. Three-dimensional models of ceiling and floor plenums with six different air distribution schemes were examined.

Existing Knowledge on Possibilities and Limitations of Radiant Floor Cooling (4014)
Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Member, D.F. Liedelt "Velta" GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
To evaluate the usefulness of radiant floor cooling it is important to take into account comfort, cooling capacity, control and design. One limiting factor is the floor surface temperature. In spaces with seated or standing people the floor temperature should not be lower than 19 degrees C (66 degrees F) for comfort reasons. In spaces with mainly seated occupants, the upper comfort limit for the operative temperature in summer is 26 degrees C (79 degrees F). This means that based on the heat exchange between the floor surface and the room a maximum cooling capacity for a floor system is about 5 W/m² (16Btu/h ft²). In several spaces like atrium, entrance hall or other spaces with window facades, there will often be a lot of direct sunshine on the floor. In these cases, the cooling capacity is significantly higher and may reach 100 - 150 W/m² (32-47 Btu/h ft²). The cooling capacity do however also depend on the floor construction, distance between tubes, water flow rate and floor covering. The influence of these parameters are discussed in the paper and a method for the dimensioning based on a European standard is presented.

Experimental Studies on the Air Flow Characteristics of Spaces with Mechanical Ventilation (4013)
Wan Ki Chow, Ph.D., Member, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Wing Yiu Fung, Ph.D., Associate Member, Hong Kong
Ventilation at the occupied zone was studied experimentally in the waiting area of nine railway concourses in Hong Kong. The performance of the mechanical ventilation systems in those areas were also evaluated by studying the age of air, local air velocity and carbon dioxide level. The results show that ventilation effectiveness may not necessarily be improved with increasing supply or extraction flow rate. The revised momentum jet numbers for those stations are also calculated and compared with the mean carbon dioxide concentration and the local age of air. It seems that this parameter can be used for evaluating the performance of the ventilation systems. A linear relation is fitted empirically to correlate the mean local age of air with the revised jet momentum number for the nine stations.

Flow and Temperature Fields Around Human Body with Various Room Air Distribution (4011)
Shuzo Murakami, Member, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Shinsuke Kato, Member, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Jie Zeng, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
The ultimate aim of this study is to develop a computational thermal manikin which enables us to accurately predict the thermal comfort of a human in a room, by computer simulation. This paper describes the concept of the computational thermal manikin and its first-stage development. Flow and temperature field around the human body have been investigated by modeling the thermal manikin with computational fluid dynamics. The convective heat transfer characteristics of the modeled manikin are predicted, for several types of flowfield, i.e., stagnant flow, horizontal uniform flow, downward uniform flow, and upward uniform flow. The obtained results agree well with previous experimental data.

Overview of the ASHRAE Cold Air Distribution Systems Design Guide (4015)
James S. Elleson, P.E., Member, Elleson Engineering, Black Earth, Wisconsin, Allan T. Kirkpatrick, Ph.D., Member, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
This paper provides an introduction to and overview of the ASHRAE Cold Air Distribution Systems Design Guide. The Design Guide was commissioned by ASHRAE to provide designers, building owners, and other interested parties with the basic information needed to design, install, and operate successful cold air distribution systems. This paper presents background information on cold air distribution and describes the contents and use of the Design Guide. This paper also provides an overview of the steps in the cold air distribution design procedure, as well as a bibliography of useful supplemental publications.

Symposium PH-97-01
Room: 108B
Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps & Refrigerating Systems Part 1: Advanced Cycles Evaluation
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Chair: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Sally McInerny
Absorption heat pumps are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to CFC-based space-conditioning systems. The papers cover a wide variety of topics such as absorption/compression cycles, metal hydride heat pumps, performance enhancement using salt additives and membranes, and heat pump component modeling and testing. Theoretical and applied aspects are addressed. These topics are addressed in two symposia. This symposium addresses Advanced Cycles Evaluation. The other symposium scheduled Sunday at 10:15 a.m. addresses Component Modeling, Testing and Performance Enhancement.

1. Current Status of Absorption/Compression Cycle Technology
Eckhard A. Groll, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

2. Comparison of Sorption Systems Based on Equivalent Carnot Cycles
Francis Meunier, Ph.D., Member, CNAM, Paris, France, Pierre Neveu, Ph.D., CNAM, Paris, France, Jean Castaing-Lasvignottes, Ph.D., CNAM, Paris, France

3. Cooling Power/Efficiency Diagrams for a Compressor Driven Metal Hydride Heat Pump
George M. Lloyd, University of Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Arsalan Razani, Ph.D., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Kwang J. Kim, Ph.D., Member, Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, K. Thomas Feldman, Jr., Ph.D., Member, , Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, Timothy R. Way, Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico

Symposium PH-97-02
Room: 113A
HVAC Systems and Fire
Sponsor: 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: Louis J. Bentsen, P.E., Honeywell Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois
Liaison: Debra Catanese
Some of the basic issues of fire and smoke technology are effects of sprinklered systems, the toxicity of smoke and the effects HVAC systems have on detection. The results of two Research Projects: RP-838, "The Probablility of Occurrence and Expected Size of Shielded Fires in Sprinklered Buildings;" and the third year's activity of the International Fire Detection Research Project, of which ASHRAE is one of the sponsors, will be reported.

1. Expected Size of Shielded Fires in Sprinklered Office Buildings
Gary D. Lougheed, Ph.D., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. The Physiological Effects of Smoke: Managing Escape
Frederic B. Clarke, Ph.D., Benjamin/Clarke Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

3. Simulating the Effects of HVAC Induced Air Flow from Slot Diffusers on Detector Response
John H. Klote, D. Sc., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

Seminar 01
Room: 111
Dentistry and the Indoor Environment
Sponsor: 09.08, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications; 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Chair: Bob Baker, Member, BBJ Chemical Coompounds, Inc., Tampa, Florida
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
Current surgery guidelines and standards contain substantial information providing guidance for the design, operation, and maintenance of HVAC systems serving hospitals and many clinical settings. Clinical facilities which house dental procedures are not mentioned anywhere in these sections. This seminar brings together speakers that deal daily with critical issues involving the health and well being of both patients and those who staff dental offices.

2. Aerosol Management During Tooth Cutting - Pilot Study
Rella P. Christensen, Ph. D., Clinical Research Associates, Provo, Utah

3. Dental Biomaterials - Air Contamination Source?
Jack E. Lemons, Ph.D., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

4. Ventilation Issues in Dental Clinics - Is an Update of 62-89 Needed?
Anthony R. Fogler, Associate Member, United States Army, Aberdenn, Maryland

Seminar 02
Room: Lecture Hall
How to Measure Outdoor Air Ventilation Rates for IAQ Application
Sponsor: 01.02, Instruments and Measurement; 4.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Richard Stonier, Member, Solomat Neotronics, Norwalk, Connecticut
Liaison: James Buckley
Ventilation with outdoor air to dilute indoor contaminants has been recognized as an important component of maintaining good indoor air quality. ASHRAE Standard 62 "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality" prescribes specific minimum outdoor air ventilation rates to be incorporated in building design and operation. A variety of different techniques are being used in the field to calculate outdoor air ventilation rates. However, in practice, measurement of outdoor air ventilation rates is often difficult and requires a knowledge of the assumptions made for the given measurement technique. This seminar includes presentations on practical methods for measuring outdoor air ventilation rates.

1. Use of CO2 as an Indirect Measure of Outdoor Air Ventilation
Richard Shaughnessy, Ph.D., Member, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma

2. Direct Airflow and Temperature Measurements for Outdoor Air Ventilation Rates
Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Member, AIR Engineering and Testing, Dallas, Texas

3. An Evaluation of the Air Fraction Tracer Method for Measuring Outside Air Ventilation Rates
Lisa Rogers, Solomat Neotronics, Tampa, Florida

4. Tracer Gas Techniques for Measuring Outdoor Air Ventilation Rules
Francis (Bud) Offerman III, P.E., Member, Indoor Environmental Engineering, San Francisco, California

Seminar 03
Room: 109
Test Methods for Fenestration Condensation Resistance
Sponsor: 04.05, Fenestration
Chair: Michael Glover, Associate Member, Edgetech IG LTd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Liaison James Norman
Particularly for high humidity buildings in cold-climate locations, glazing condensation can be a significant problem during the winter months. This seminar will review the present North American testing methods for evaluating condensation resistance. These testing methods include the AAMA Condensation Resistance Factor method and CSA A440 Temperature Index method. As part of an initiative to develop a comprehensive window energy-rating system in the United States, the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) has recently developed a new standard laboratory test procedure for evaluating condensation resistance. There will also be an update on the research program coordinated by the TC 4.5.

1. The AAMA Condensation Resistance Evaluation
Marcia Falke, Member, Architectural Testing Inc., York, Pennsylvania

2. The Temperature Index Method for Evaluating Condensation Resistance
Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., P.Eng., National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. The NFRC Measured Condensation Index Method
Michael Glover, Associate Member, Edgetech IG Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

4. Determination of Window Condensation Potential Using Computer Simulation
Steven Carpenter, Member, Enermodal Engineering, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Seminar 04
Room: 113B
What's New In Refrigeration Codes and Standards?
Sponsor: 10.01, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
Chair: M. Kent Anderson, Member, International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Washington, D.C.
Refrigeration codes and standards affect the design, installation and operation of all major HVAC&R installations. ASHRAE plays a leading role in establishing requirements for these systems through the Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASHRAE Standard 15, and by the safety classification of refrigerants in ASHRAE Standard 34. In addition, various building codes impose mandatory requirements on air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Similar requirements exist in Canada and new international standards, based on ASHRAE standards, are being developed within ISO. This seminar will present timely and relevant information on the latest developments in national and international refrigeration codes and standards.

2. What Every Engineer Should Know About Refrigeration Codes
Michael E. Dillon, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Dillon Consulting Engineers, Long Beach, California

3. New Developments in ASHRAE Refrigeration Safety Standards: ASHRAE Standards 15 & 34
Thomas E. Watson, P.E., Member, McQuay International, Staunton, Virginia

4. Refrigeration Requirements in the International Mechanical Code (IMC)
Richard Beck, P.E., Member, Southern Building Code Congress, Intl., Birmingham, Alabama

5. Canadian Codes for Refrigeration
Dan Moscovitch, P.E., Member, Cimco Refrigeration, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Forum 01
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
What Are the Priorities for On-Line HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnosis?
Sponsor: TG04.SBS, Smart Building Systems, 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: Philip Haves, C.Eng., Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Researchers have developed a number of different techniques for the on-line detection and diagnosis of faults in HVAC systems. Further development of these techniques would benefit from information regarding which faults occur most frequently and have the severest consequences. The forum will solicit input from building owners and others which will allow the prioritization of the faults to be addressed by on-line fault detection systems. Input will also be sought on how such systems should interface with the building operator.

Forum 02
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
What Value Can ASHRAE Members Receive from Local Chapter Programs?
Sponsor: Chapter Program Committee
Moderator: Terrence E. Martin, P.E., Member, Shive-Hattery Engineers & Architects, Bloomington, Illinois
Liaison: Filza Hassan
This forum seeks to improve feedback between active chapter member s and the Society at large. This forum aims to improve our knowledge of what constitutes a good chapter program, to define what members would like to see offered in chapter programs, and ultimately to provide feedback as to how ASHRAE might best serve its members by working to strengthen its chapters.

Forum 03
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Should ASHRAE Standards 52, 55, 62 & Others with Parameters of Concern in IAQ be Based on Comfort or Health Concerns?
Sponsor: 02.04, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment, 02.01, Physiology and Human Environment
Moderator: Matthew Klein, P.E., Member, Indoor Air Quality Solutions, Bethel, Ohio
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
In the past, ASHRAE standards have been mostly based on comfort problems. In Standard 52, the test dust currently used is based on preventing damage to equipment and soiling of building interior surfaces. In the revised Standard 52, currently in development, the test dust is based on concerns about respirable particles - a health concern. In Standard 55, the original standard was concerned strictly with the thermal comfort of building occupants. The revision of this standard in 1992 included concerns about relative humidity levels that could contribute to mold growth - a health concern. This standard was again revised in 1995 to go back to being strictly concerned with thermal comfort. Standard 62 is based on odor perception. By its very nature of specifying ventilation rates to dilute contaminants, this standard is often mistaken as being a health standard. Other standards might also be facing this controversy. ASHRAE is at a juncture where it needs to determine whether certain standards should be concerned with preventing health or comfort problems, or both. This forum will discuss what ASHRAE should do to resolve this dilemma.

Forum 04
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Sustainability and ASHRAE
Sponsor: 01.10, Energy Resources
Moderator: Paul Zeigler, Associate Member, Nat. Conference of States on Bldg. Codes and Standards., Merdona, Virginia
Liaison: Filza Hassan
What is sustainability? What does it mean to ASHRAE? There is a new interest in sustainability as the demands on our planet's energy resources rapidly increase and concerns about sustaining our natural environment grows. Buildings consume about 1/3 of the energy consumed in industrialized nations and are among the fastest growing energy consumers in developing countries. Should ASHRAE be concerned about sustainability and what action should ASHRAE take?

Sunday
January 26, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 2
Room: 113C
Chair: Robert Suggs

A Fundamental Study of Refrigerant-Line Transients: Part 1 - Description of the Problem and Survey of Relevant Literature (RP-736) (4017)
Jeffrey C. Shelton, Ford Motor Company, Wayne, Michigan, Anthony M. Jacobi, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
Dangerous pressure excursion incidents in industrial refrigeration systems have been caused by condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging; however, some of the mechanisms responsible for initiating these hydraulic transients remain unclear. Simple descriptions of these shock initiating conditions are given and a thorough survey of the related technical literature is provided. The main contribution of this work is a literature database for practitioners and researchers interested in condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging in refrigeration systems.

A Liquid Over-Feeding Military Air-Conditioner with a Quench Valve (4020)
Viung C. Mei, Ph.D., P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Fang C. Chen, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, presented by Chris Bolton, U.S. Army Fort Belvoir RD&E Center, Alexandria, Virginia
A 3.3-ton rated military air conditioning unit has been studied experimentally for baseline and liquid over-feeding (LOF) operation. The tests before any modification, using the nameplate specified refrigerant charge, showed the measured cooling capacity to be less than 1% off the rated capacity at 95 degree F ambient temperature. The test results, after modification, indicate that LOF operation outperforms the baseline case over a wide ambient temperature range in terms of cooling capacity, power consumption, and system coefficient of performance (COP).

A Two Dimensional CFD Model of a Refrigerated Display Case (4018)
David Stribling, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England, S.A. Tassou, Ph.D., Member, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England, Douglas Marriott, Safeway Stores PLC, Hayes, Middlesex, England
The discomfort caused by the cold air overspill from vertical refrigerated display cases in supermarkets is widely accepted as being a problem to customers. This, together with the adverse effect on case performance caused by heat and moisture transfer across the air curtain suggests that there may be room for improvement in the design and fundamental operation of these display fixtures. This paper presents a two dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a vertical dairy display case which could be used in the design and optimisation of such equipment. The CFD model showed good qualitative agreement with measured values and requires only fine tuning to make it quantitatively accurate.

Enhanced Naphthenic Refrigeration Oils for Household Refrigerator Systems: General Introduction to Heat Transfer, Working Viscosity and Retrofit Issue for Other Refrigeration Applications (4019)
Jose Reyes-Gavilan, Associate Member, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, G. Thomas Flak, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, Todd R. Tritcak, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, Crandall B. Barbour, Associate Member, Americold, Cullman, Alabama, presented by Michael T. Costello, Ph.D., WITCO Corportation, Oakland, New Jersey
Due to the industry concerns about the succesful employment of HFC immiscible hydrocarbon oils in refrigeration systems, enhanced naphthentic refrigeration oils have been developed. These products have been designed to be more dispersible with HFC refrigerants, such as R-134a, in order to facilitate lubricant return to the compressor and to ensure proper energy efficiency to the system. Bench tests and system performance evaluations indicate the feasiblity of these oils for use in household refrigeration applications. Results of these evaluations are compared to those obtained with polyol esters and typical naphthenic mineral oils employed in CFC and HCFC refrigeration application.

Performance of Solar Freon Ejector Refrigeration Machine (4016)
Nehad Al-Khalidy, Ph.D., Technical University of Silesia, Gliwice, Poland
In this work a detail analysis for the ideal, theoretical and experimental performance of a Solar Freon Ejector Refrigerating Machine (SFERM) is presented. A comparison between five refrigerants to select a desirable one for the system is made. The theoretical analysis showed that the refrigerant R-113 is more suitable to use in the system. The influence of the boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures on system performance is investigated experimentally in a refrigerant ejector refrigeration machine using R-113 as a working refrigerant.

Symposium PH-97-03
Room: 113A
Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps & Refrigeration Part 2: Component Modeling, Testing & Performance Enhancement
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorbtion and Heat Operated Machines
Chair: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Absorption heat pumps are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to CFC-based space-conditioning systems. The papers cover a wide variety of topics such as absorption/compression cycles, metal hydride heat pumps, performance enhancement using salt additives and membranes, and heat pump component modeling and testing. Theoretical and applied aspects are addressed. These topics are addressed in two symposia. This symposia addresses Component Modeling, Testing and Performance Enhancement. The other symposia, scheduled Sunday at 8:00 a.m. addresses Advanced Cycles Simulation.

1. Improving the Performance of Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycles Using Salt-Additives and Membranes
Osama M. Ibrahim, Ph.D., Member, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Stanley Barnett, Ph.D., University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Vinay G. Balamuru, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island

2. A Generalized Component Design Model by Combined Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis in NH3-H2O Absorption Heat Pump Systems
Yong Tae Kang, Ph.D., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Weibo Chen, Student Member, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Richard N. Christensen, Ph.D., Member, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; presented by Weibo Chen

3. GAX Component Simulation and Validation
Shailesh V. Potnis, Ph.D., Member, Energy Concepts, Annapolis, Maryland, Albert Gomezplata, Ph.D., Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, Riyaz A. Papar, Associate Member, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, G. Anand, Ph.D., Member, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, Donald C. Erickson, Energy Concepts, Annapolis, Maryland

Symposium PH-97-04
Room: 108B
Implementation of Intelligent Building Control Strategies
Sponsor: 04.06, Building Operation Dynamics
Chair: James Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Liaison Debra Catanese
Advanced building control strategies are often developed and evaluated using simulation and optimization tools. There have been very few studies that have focused on implementation of these strategies and evaluation of their in-situ performance. This symposium will document the development, evaluation, and implementation of several intelligent building control strategies. Both general methods and case study results will be presented.

1. Application of Building Precooling to Reduce Peak Cooling Requirements
Kevin R Keeney, Student Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, James E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

2. Parameter Estimation for Multiresponse Nonlinear Chilled Water Plant Models
Barrett Flake, P.E., Member, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, John Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, William Beckman, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

3. A Supervisory Controller for Optimization of Building Central Cooling Systems
Gerald Gibson, P.E., Science Applications International Corporation., San Diego, California

4. Implementation of a New Pattern Recognition Adaptive Controller
John E. Seem, Ph.D., Member, Johnson Controls, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Symposium PH-97-05
Room: 113B
Thermal Bridging Effects In Building Envelopes
Sponsor: 04.09, Building Envelope Systems
Chair: Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Liaison: Ron Howell
This symposium updates developments in evaluation of the thermal bridging effects in building envelopes. Using experimental measurements and/or numerical techniques, the papers provide methods to estimate the real effects of thermal shorts generated by various components of a building structure.

1. An Investigation of Common Thermal Bridges in Walls
Alex McGowan, P.E., Member, Enermodal Engineering Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, Andre O. Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

2. Thermal Breaking Systems for Metal Stud Walls
Jan Kosny, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Jeffrey E. Christian, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Andre O. Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

3. Thermal Bridges in Roofs made of Wood and Light Gauge Steel Profiles
Jan Kosny, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Thomas W. Petrie, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Jeffrey E. Christian, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

4. Calculation Methods and Insulation Techniques for Steel Stud Walls in Low-Rise Multi-Family Housing
Adrian Tuluca, Member, Steven Winter Associates, Norwalk, Connecticut, Devashish Lahiri, Associate Member, Steven Winter Associates Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut, Jawad Zaidi, Ph.D., P.E., Member

5. Evaluation of the Thermal Bridging Effects on the Thermal Performance of Slab-on-Grade Floor
Adnam Abdullah Al-Anzi, Student Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

6. An Analysis of Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer in Buildings Considering the Influence of Radiation Heat Transfer
Mamoru Matsumoto, Ph.D., Kobe University, Kobe, Japan, Shuichi Hokoi, Ph.D., Member, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, En Ka, Urawa Saitama, Japan

Seminar 05
Room: 111
ASHRAE Student Financial Aid Programs: Investing in the Future
Sponsor: Student Activities Committee, Accreditation Activities Committee
Chair: Harmohindar Singh, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
Liaison: Sally McInery
ASHRAE provides various kinds of financial aid to students. The objective of this seminar is to share the information on selection criteria of financial aid available to students. This seminar will solicit suggestions from the attendees to improve upon the selection criteria for grant-in-aids and/or scholarships.

1. Undergraduate Student Project Competition and the Senior Project Grant Program
Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas

2. Student Assistants on ASHRAE Research Projects
Harry J. Sauer, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Missouri - Rolla, Rolla, Missouri

3. The ASHRAE Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid Program
Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

4. Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid Program
John W. Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

5. ASHRAE Scholarship Programs
Joseph Olivieri, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Tech University, Clinton Township, Michigan

Seminar 06
Room: 109
Fire and Smoke Hazards Analysis - Effect on HVAC
Sponsor: 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: William Webb, P.E., Member, Performance Technology Consulting, Ltd., Lake Bluff, Illinois
Liaison: Larry Degelman
As computer hardware has become more powerful and faster, sophisticated fire and smoke hazards analysis software has been developed. As a result, a new tool is available to evaluate the effect HVAC can have on mitigating fire and smoke hazards. The seminar will describe various software programs including Hazard I and CONTAM and will present case studies of how techniques have been applied.

1. Fire Risk or Fire Hazard as the Basis for Building Fire Safety Performance Evaluation
Richard W. Bukowski, P.E., NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland

2. Using Hazard Analysis in Performance-Based Codes
John R. Hall, Jr., Ph.D., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA

3. Critiquing CONTAM Computer Program
Harold E. "Bud" Nelson, P.E., Hughes Associates, Baltimore, Maryland

4. The Prediction of Fire Hazards Associated with Chemical Warehouses
Stewart D. Miles, FCIBSE Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts, United Kingdom

Seminar 07
Room: Lecture Hall
Internet and HVAC -- Integrity, Ethics, Security
Sponsor: 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: David J. Branson, P.E., Member, Compliance Services Group, Inc., Lubbock, Texas
Liaison: James Buckley
The Internet medium has attained a status as "common place" in the global business environment, and has also realized success in numerous facets of the HVAC Industry. The continued expansion of its usage by ASHRAE members prompts the examination of several related issues. The primary goal of this seminar is to focus on three issues with respect to Internet usage and the HVAC industry: integrity, ethics and security.

1. Internet Integrity and Use in the Professional Office - A Case History
James E. Madget, P.E., Member, 3D/International, Houston, Texas

2. Internet Ethics
Walter T. Grondzik, P.E., Member, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida

3. Secure Correspondence on the Net
Fariborz S. Mahjouri, Ph.D., Thermomax USA, Columbia, Maryland

4. Appropriate Use of the Internet at Work - An Informal Survey
Richard T. Linton, Associate Member, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Forum 05
10:15 a.m. - 12:05 a.m.
Room: 107B
Building Pressurization - Positive or Negative
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: Carl Lawson, Member, Wren Janus Engineering Inc., Chantilly, Virginia
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
With the new system technology of today, along with the new standards and codes, building pressurization takes on a different value. When do we require positive or negative pressures? Is it only in high tech or medical or does it apply to offices and schools? This forum will address the positive and negative aspects of building pressure and when it is required.

Forum 06
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 105B
How Should ASHRAE Be Involved with the Model Codes? - Chapter 2
Sponsor: Code Interaction Subcommittee of the Technology Council
Moderator: Jack B. Buckley, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Consultant, Houston, Texas
Liaison Larry Markel
This forum is a continuation of a forum held in San Antonio. With the recent revision to the ASHRAE policy on Society involvement in codes, it is extremely critical that the scope and the content of the involvement be voiced by the members. The subject of "code" involvement is very important to the ASHRAE membership. The Code Interaction Subcommittee wants input from all ASHRAE members (engineers, contractors, suppliers, manufacturers, researchers, professors, code officials, etc.)

Forum 07
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 107B
What Impact Will the Replacement of PM10 by PM2.5 Have on Industrial Process Air Cleaning Equipment Users, Specifiers & Manufacturers?
Sponsor: 05.04, Industrial Process Air Cleaning
Moderator: A. Lee Twombly, Member, DCE, Inc., Jeffersontown, Kentucky
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
What are the Implications of PM2.5 for people who have to implement it? How can T.C. 5.4 assist ASHRAE members in addressing needs assessments, specifications, equipment selection and other issues related to the application of Air Pollution Control Equipment required to meet the tenets of PM2.5?

Sunday
January 26, 1997
12:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.

All 12:30 p.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-06
Room: 111
Advances in Refrigerator Technology
Sponsor: 07.01, Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers
Chair: Edward Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Liaison:Ron Howell
This symposium presents information on recent advances in refrigerator-freezer technology. The information is especially relevant due to the rapid changes that are taking place in domestic refrigeration.

1. An Experimental Analysis of Cycling Losses in Domestic Refrigerator-Freezers
William H. Coulter, Member, DuPont Co., Belle, West Virginia, Clark W. Bullard, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2. Potential for Using Enhanced Aluminum Extrusions for Refrigerator Heat Exchangers
Kurt S. Goslovich, Caterpillar Inc., Joliet, Illinois, Clark Bullard, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

3. Investigations of the EPA Refrigerator Analysis Software: Compressor Map and Ambient Temperature Effects
Imam Haider, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Mahesh K. Lavannis, Student Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Symposium PH-97-07
Room: 113A
HVAC System Fault Detection and Diagnosis
Sponsor: TG 04, Smart Building Systems
Chair: George E. Kelly, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Liaison: Sally McInerny
As building systems become more complex, there is a need for smarter Energy Management and Control Systems (EMCS) to improve building operations and reduce the work load on building operators. EMCS that incorporate fault detection and diagnosis are likely to become available within a few years. This symposium deals with recently completed research on the application of different methods of fault detection and diagnosis to a variety of building HVAC systems.

1. Fault Diagnosis and Temperature Sensor Recovery for an Air-Handling Unit
Won Yong Lee, Ph.D., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Taejon, Korea, John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, Dong Ryul Shin, Ph.D., Korea Institute of Energy Research, John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

2. A Neural Network Prototype for Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Heating Systems
Xiaoming Li, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne La Vallee, France, Jean-Christophe Visier, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne-La-Vallee, France, Hossein Vaezi-Nejad, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne-La-Vallee, France

3. Application of Classification Functions to Chiller Fault Detection and Diagnosis
Meli Stylianou, P.E., Member, EDRL-CANMET, Varennes, Quebec, Canada, presented by John Scott, Member, EDRL-CANMET, Varennes, Quebec, Canada

4. ARX Models and Real-Time Model-Based Diagnosis
Henk C. Peitsman, TNO Building & Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands, Luc L. Soethout, Ph.D., TNO Building & Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands

5. A Statistical, Rule-Based Fault Detection and Diagnostics Method for Vapor Compression Air Conditioners
Todd Rossi, Ph.D., Member, Field Diagnostic Services Inc., Ivyland, Pennsylvania, James E. Braun, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Symposium PH-97-08
Room: 108B
Residential Ventilation and Energy Characteristics
Sponsor: 04.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The purpose of this symposium is to present data on the performance of residential ventilation systems. The papers will cover both measurement and analysis of single family and multi-family systems from both an energy and indoor air quality perspective. Papers include results of systems comparisons, including economic considerations.

1. Comparative Ventilation System Evaluations
John K. Holton, P.E., Member, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania, Michael Koleagleo, P.E., Member, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania, Timothy Beggs, EIT, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania

2. Mechanical Ventilation in HUD-Code Manufactured Housing in the Pacific Northwest
Michael Lubliner, Associate Member, Washington State Energy Office, Olympic, Washington, Don Stevens, Stevens and Associates, Keport, Washington, Bob Davis, Ecotope Inc.

3. Residential Ventilation in the UK: An Overview
Michael Woolliscroft, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom

4. Evaluation of Five Simple Ventilation Strategies Suitable for Houses Without Forced-Air Heating
James T. Reardon, Ph.D., Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Chia-yu Shaw, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

5. Residential Ventilation and Energy Characteristics
Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, Nance Matson, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California

Seminar 08
12:30 p.m. - 1:20 p.m.
Room: Speaker's Lounge, 108A
First Time at a Society Meeting? This Session Is for You
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Liason: James Vallort
Chair: James Vallort, Member, Northern Illinois Gas, Naperville, Illinois
This seminar will introduce new meeting attendees to the events of a Winter Society meeting - how to get involved in a technical committee, what is the difference between a symposium and a seminar, and how to become part of the meeting program. The role of ASHRAE staff in a meeting, and the events that surround the AHR Exposition will be explained. And if you're not having fun yet, the technical tours, guest and "special" events (how to have fun at ASHRAE) will be discussed.

1. Technical Committees, Technical Program and Committee Meetings at a Society Meeting
Marvin Thedford, P.E., Member, TU Electric, Dallas, Texas

2. ASHRAE Staff and Their Role in a Society Meeting
Jim Norman, Member, AAA Enterprises, Atlanta, Georgia

3. The Exposition, Technical Tours and the Fun Side of a Society Meeting
James Vallort, Member, Northern Illinois Gas, Naperville, Illinois

Seminar 09
Room: 109
Design Team Communication
Sponsor: 02.06, Sound and Vibration Control
Chair: Charles G. Arnold, P.E., Member, Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
This seminar explores design team approaches to communication. Does good design team communication improve the process for delivery of quality and cost effective projects that meet or exceed the client's expectations? An architect, engineer, acoustical consultant, contractor and owner representative will share their real world insight to successful team communications.

1. Approaches to Design Team Communication for the Design, Construction Documents, Construction, and Post-Construction Phases
James P. Ulrich, Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska

2. Models of Project Management
Paul A. Hottenstein, P.E., Capital Planning & Program Management, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania

3. Owner's Response to the Question "Do You Want It Right or Do You Want It Now?" Is "We want It Right Now"
Edward Carter, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

4. Design Team Communication for HVAC System Noise Control
Mark E. Schaffer, P.E., Member, McKay Conant Brook, Westlake Village, California

5. Does Communication Need to Become as Structured a Process as Scheduling?
David Salisbury, Barton Malow Company, Southfield, Michigan

Seminar 10
Room: 113B
HVAC Functional Test Criteria
Sponsor: 09.09, Building Commissioning
Chair: Wayne Dunn, P.E., Member, Sun Belt Engineering, Jacksonville, Florida
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Functional testing is the most important test relating to the HVAC system in the facility. Functional testing is the process in commissioning that determines if the systems meet the design criteria and the operation of the systems are feasible and workable. Functional testing also allows the commissioning authority to determine the complete functionality of the systems and will guarantee that the systems have been installed and are operating as designed. This seminar will address the functional testing of the air distribution, hydronic systems and thermal storage systems.

1. Thermal Energy Storage Functional Test Criteria
Chad Dorgan, P.E., Member, Dorgan & Associates, Madison, Wisconsin

2. Air Side Testing in the Real World
Gerald Kettler, P.E., Member, Air Engineering & Testing Inc., Dallas, Texas

3. Functional Test Criteria of Hydronic Systems
Carl N. Lawson, Member, Wren Janus Engineering, Chantilly, Virginia

Seminar 11
Room: 113C
Laboratory Air Flow and Pressurization
Sponsor: 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Jim Coogan, Associate Member, Landis and Staefa, Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Filza Hassen
In a laboratory facility, the ventilation system is recognized as a safety system. The system is designed, implemented and operated from the view point of safety. This seminar explores in detail the relationship between room pressurization and safety including: a discussion of hazards and containment, accuracy requirements for air flow control, and a discussion of an uncommon pressurization control method.

1. The Negative Pressurization of Laboratories for Chemical and Biological Safety
Jonathan Crane, Associate Member, HOK Architects, Atlanta, Georgia

2. Specifying Air Flow Accuracies for Room Pressurization
James Coogan, Associate Member, Landis and Staefa, Buffalo Grove, Illinois

3. Alternative Methods of Laboratory Room Pressure Control
Todd R. Hardwick, Associate Member, TSI Incorporated, St. Paul, Minnesota

4. Laboratory Air Flows: Dealing with Comfort, Safety, and Performance
J. Patrick Carpenter, Member, TKLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Seminar 12
Room: Lecture Hall
Practical Considerations of Compliance and Enforcement of the Clean Air Act Regulations for Centrifugal Chiller Installations
Sponsor: 08.02, Centrifugal Machines
Chair: Richard Danks, P.E., Member, NASA - Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Liaison: Filza Hassan
Since the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1990, the subsequent regulations have profoundly impacted centrifugal chiller operation and maintenance. This is especially true regarding the refrigerant management aspects of O&M. The regulations demand that chiller owners and service technicians pay attention to good operating and maintenance practices in order to protect our environment and to remain in compliance with the law. This seminar will address practical experience and knowledge gained from working with the regulations from the enforcement perspective by learning how to avoid problems, the ownership perspective by understanding what investments, policies and procedures are required for compliance, and the service provider's perspective by learning what is good practice to stay in compliance.

1. Title VI Enforcement - How to Survive an EPA Inspection
James Kenney, U.S. EPA - Region III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2. Refrigerant Management: Facility Owner's Viewpoint
Peter W. McCallum, NASA - Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

3. Compliance with Clean Air Act in Performing Service on Chillers
Fred E. Ziffer, York International, York, Pennsylvania

Forum 08
12:30 p.m.-1:20 p.m.
Room: 105B
IAQ Needs: Health and Dental Facilities
Sponsor: 02.03, Gaseous Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Moderator: Douglas Van Osdell, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Liaison: James Buckley
The indoor air quality of health and dental facilities is known to be of special concern because of both the special needs of the occupants and the potentially offensive and/or hazardous nature of contaminants generated in the space. These facilities are placed in a wide variety of special and general use structures, and the provisions for ventilation are diverse. This forum will concentrate on the use and limitations of gaseous and particulate contaminant control strategies, including filters, to improve IAQ in health and dental facilities, and will identify research and application development needs.

Forum 09
12:30 p.m.-1:20 p.m.
Room: 107B
Pitfalls of Absorption Cycle Prototyping
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Moderator: Donald Erickson, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland
Liaison: Larry Markel
Every R&D effort achieves at least some of its advances by falling into costly and/or embarrassing pitfalls. This forum is an opportunity to learn about and hopefully avoid some of those mistakes. Come share your experiences and help make the R&D in this technology more cost effective.

Forum 10
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 108A
Finding New Ways to Involve Students in ASHRAE's Semi-Annual Meetings
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Moderator: Larry Degelman, P.E., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Liaison: Larry Degelman
This forum will solicit new ideas on way to increase student participation at the Society's semi-annual meetings. Topics for discussion will include: paper abstract publication, poster session presentations, paper competitions, travel support by local ASHRAE chapters, student research project reports, and student "best-paper" awards. Faculty and students are especially encouraged to contribute their ideas.

Forum 11
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 107B
If A Wallet-sized Absorption Heat Pump Can Be Built, Does Anybody Care?
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Moderator: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Larry Markel
Miniaturized heat pumps are being developed for applications such as man-portable cooling. This forum will address current status of this technology and find out how these devices can be used in the HVAC and refrigeration industry. Design considerations and operating constraints for the prospective applications will be discussed.

Forum 12
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 105B
What Instrumentation is Necessary for Determining Actual KW/Ton of a Chilled Water Plant
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: James Rishel, P.E., Life Member, ASHRAE, Systecon, Inc., West Chester, Ohio
Liaison: James Buckley
The development of high efficiency chillers and the greater percentage of use of energy by accessories such as cooling towers and condenser pumps has necessitated the development of overall KW/Ton for such plants. KW/Ton readings, to be effective, require certain instrumentation and quality of instrumentation. This forum should reveal information as to the opinions or beliefs about the equipment required to achieve reliable and effective KW/Ton data.

Sunday
January 26, 1997
4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Seminar 13
Room: 105B
Leaving A Legacy At ASHRAE (Gift Planning Ideas that Reduce Taxes and Increase Income)
Sponsor: Life Members Club
Chair: Robert S. Peach, ASHRAE Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia
Liaison: Sally McInerny
This seminar, sponsored by the ASHRAE Foundation, provides an overview on how the ASHRAE Foundation supports the Society's Vision Statement and how Members can be a part of ASHRAE's future through endowed contributions. ASHRAE Foundation Manager Bob Peach will discuss how estate and retirement planning techniques reduce taxes (estate and income) and enhance retirement income.

1. Supporting ASHRAE's Mission and Controlling Your Personal Social Capital
Robert S. Peach, ASHRAE Foundation Manager, Atlanta, Georgia

Monday
January 27, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8:00 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 3
Room: 113C
Chair: Ron Howell

A deterministic numerical model, based on a quasi-steady state approach, is developed for an internal melt ice-on-coil thermal storage tank with a built-in spiral coil tubing heat exchanger having a counterflow configuration and quiescent water around the coils. This model is able to simulate both charging and discharging modes. The developed model accounts for the cool down of the water earlier during the charging period and the warm up of the water later during the discharging period. The model determines the heat transfer rates, the inventory of the ice and other output parameters such as temperatures and ice/water radius. This model can be used by manufacturers and engineers for design and simulation purposes.

Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model for an Internal Melt Ice-On- Coil Thermal Storage Tank (4022)
J. H. M. Neto, Ph.D., Member, Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica de Minas Ge, Belo Horizonte, Minas Ge, Brazil, M. Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
An internal melt ice-on-coil thermal-storage tank is instrumented and tested over different inlet conditions of brine temperature and flowrate in a real scale HVAC laboratory. A total of five charging/discharging cycles tests are performed. The measured data for one typical charging/discharging cycle is used to validate a numerical model developed for analyzing internal melt ice-on-coil ice storage tanks.

Parametric Study of a Silica Gel-Water Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle - The Influence of Thermal Capacitance and Heat Transfer Rates on Cooling Capacity (4023)
Elisa C. Boelman, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo 184, Japan, Bidyut Baran Saha, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo 184, Japan, Takao Kashiwagi, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo, Japan
The influence of heat exchanger U*A values (adsorber/desorber, evaporator and condenser) is investigated for a adsorption chiller, with consideration to the thermal capacitance of the adsorber/desorber by means of a lumped parameter cycle stimulation model developed by the authors and co-workers for the single stage silica gel-water adsorption chiller. The closed-cycle type chiller, for use in air-conditioning, is driven by low-grade waste heat (85 degrees C - 185 degrees F) and cooled by water at 31 degrees C - 88 degrees F, and operates on relatively short cycle times (420 s adsorption/desorption; 30 s adsorber/desorber sensible cooling and heating).

The Effect of Noncondensible Gas on the Condensation of R-123 on Enhanced Tube Geometries (4024)
L. E. Rewerts, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Joseph B. Huber, Ph.D., Member, API Ketema Heat Transfer Technology, Grand Prairie, Texas, Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Data showing the effect of several concentrations of noncondensible gas on the condensation of R-123 are presented for bundles of four enhanced tube geometries: a 1024-fpm (26-fpi) tube, a low-fin 1475-fpm (40-fpi) tube and two enhanced tubes, designated the Tu-Cii and the G-SC. The Tu-Cii generally performed the best at noncondensible gas concentrations up to 5.0%, followed by the 40-fpi, G-SC and 26-fpi geometries.

Experimental Investigation of an Advanced Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (4025) (PAPER WITHDRAWN)
B. Saha, Member, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan, Takao Kashiwagi, Ph.D., Member, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
Experimental measurements are made for a silica-gel-water advanced adsorption refrigeration chiller (1.2 kW {4 095 Btu/h} cooling capacity) to evaluate its performance under different temperature and adsorption/desorption cycle time conditions. This paper describes the operating principle of the chiller, outlines the experimental hardware, and discusses results obtained by varying the cooling and hot water inlet temperatures and adsorption/desorption cycle times, as well as their agreements with the simulated results given by a lumped parameter model.

Symposium PH-97-09
Room: 108B
Practical Considerations In the Use of Refrigerant Mixtures
Sponsor: 03.01, Refrigerants and Brines
Chair: (Sonny) Ganesan Sundaresan, P.E., Member, Copeland Corporation, Sidney, Ohio
Liaison: Lee Burgett
HFC refrigerants are being evaluated and used to replace ozone depleting CFC/HCFC refrigerants, but many HFC candidates are R400 series (non azeotropic) mixtures and may fractionate under some conditions in some system configurations. This issue affects refrigerants handling, application and system design. This symposium addresses the experiences to date in dealing with these mixtures.

1. Concentration Shift When Using Refrigerant Mixtures
Horst Kruse, Ph.D., Member, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany, Florian Wieschollek, Dipl. Ing., IKU, Berlin, Germany

2. Production Scale Handling of Zeotropic Blends
James David Morrison, Ph.D., ICI (UK) Runcorn Technology Center, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom, Stuart Corr, ICI Chemicals and Polymers, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom, Bruce E. ilbert, ICI Klea Applications Laboratory, New Castle, Delaware

3. Experience with Refrigerant Mixtures
Yunho Hwang, Student Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, John Judge, Student Member, York International Co., York, Pennsylvania, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

4. Performance of R32/R125/R134a Mixtures in Systems with Accumulators or Flooded Evaporators
Donald B. Bivens, Ph.D., Member, Dupont Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Delaware, Donna M. Patron, E. I. Dupont Co., Wilmington, Delaware, A. Michi Yokozeki, Ph.D., E. I. Dupont Company, Wilmington, Delaware

5. Modeling and Testing Fractionation Effects in the Refrigerant Blends in an Actual Residential Heat Pump System
Frank Biancardi, Ph.D., Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, Dennis Pandy, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, Tobias H. Sienel, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, H. Harvey Michels, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut

Seminar 14
Room: 109
An Update on the Industry Alliance for Interoperability
Sponsor: 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: James Forester, P.E., Associate Member, Marinsoft, Mill Valley, California
Liaison: James Buckley
This seminar will provide information on issues that affect the HVAC community surrounding the ongoing efforts of the Industry Alliance for Interoperability (IAI). The IAI is an industry initiative that is defining software specifications for processes in the AEC lifecycle. Topics of discussion include the design process impact of electronic product information; how codes and standards are addressed in this initiative; how the IAI will impact members of both large and small mechanical, electrical and plumbing design firms; and an update on the IAI and building service related efforts.

1. The Design Process Impact of Electronic Product Information
Lawrence R. Schaefer, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York

2. IFC for the Small Firm
David L. Nack, P.E., Associate Member, Nack Engineering, San Clemente, California

3. IFC for the Large MEP Firm
Scott G. Frank, P.E., Associate Member, Jaros Baum & Bolles, New York, New York

4. The Application of IFCs for Codes and Standards Compliance
David Chassin, Battelle/Pacific NW National Lab, Richland, Washington

Seminar 15
Room: 113B
Cryogenics
Sponsor: 10.04, Ultra-Low Temperature Systems and Cryogenics
Chair: Arthur Garbarino, Life Member, ASHRAE, Air Service Inc., West Palm Beach, Florida
Liaison: Robert Suggs
This seminar will explore the overall aspects of cryogenics regarding pulse tubes, heat transfer at ultra low temperatures and the biological applications.

1. Heat Transfer in Cryogenic Systems
Randall Barron, Ph.D., Member, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana

2. Cryocooler Developments
Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

3. Pulse Tubes
Ray Radebaugh, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

Seminar 16
Room: 111
Energy Performance Indicators for Commercial Buildings
Sponsor: 09.06, Systems Energy Utilization
Chair: Richard Mazzucchi, Member, SBW Consulting Inc., Bellevue, Washington
Liaison: Larry Markel
This seminar describes three ongoing efforts to improve energy use efficiency in commercial buildings by developing information on comparative energy performance. The results of this seminar can help energy managers and consultants focus and evaluate their efforts to improve energy management practices for commercial buildings.

1. Comparison of Building Energy Benchmark Data from Members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
William R. Mixon, Member, Tech Support Services, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

2. Energy Benchmarking in Commercial Buildings
Terry R. Sharp, P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

3. Resource Management Assessment and Quality Assurance Services for Commercial Buildings
Richard P. Mazzucchi, Member, SBW Consulting Inc., Bellevue, Washington

Seminar 17
Room: 113A
Gas-Phase Air Filtration and the Application of Standard 62R
Sponsor: 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Containment Removal Equipment
Chair: Chris Muller, Member, Purafil, Inc., Doraville, Georgia
Liaison: Filza Hassan
This seminar will offer a brief overview of gas-phase air filtration and typical applications, examine how gas-phase air filtration has been used under the Indoor Air Quality Procedure of Standard 62-1989, what changes can be expected in 62-1989R, and how gas-phase air filtration may be used under the proposed Standard.

1. Gas-Phase Air Filtration: Principles and Applications
Paula V. Levasseur, Member, Cameron/Great Lakes, St. Charles, Illinois

2. The Use of Gas-Phase Air Filtration and Standard 62-1989
Brian P. Monk, P.E. Member, Circul-Aire, Montreal, Quebec

3. Standard 62-1989 Versus 62R with Respect to Gas-Phase Air Filtration
Mark Huza, Member, Flanders Filter, Inc., Washington, North Carolina

4. The Use of Gas-Phase Air Filtration and Standard 62-R: A Lesson in Application Technology
H.E. Barney Burroughs, Presidential Member, IAQ/Building Wellness Consultancy, Alpharetta, Georgia

Seminar 18
Room: Lecture Hall
Global Climate Change
Sponsor: TG2.Global Climate Control
Chair: William Walter, Member, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York
Liaison: Debra Catanese
This seminar updates global climate change, both the science and industry response. Two speakers are involved in research on climate change, one with climate modeling/prediction and one with impacts of climate change. Two other speakers are from industry and will discuss the response from and potential impacts on the HVAC industry.

1. Recent Perspectives on Human-Induced Climate Warming
Jerry D. Mahlman, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

2. Impacts of Climate Change
Richard H. Moss, Ph.D., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Washington D.C.

3. What Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) Means to HVAC
F. A. (Tony) Vogelsberg, DuPont Chemicals, Wilimington, Delaware

4. Climate Change Regulation - Potential Impacts on the Refrigeration Industry
Nick Campbell, Ph.D., ICI Klea, Runcorn Cheshire, England

Forum 13
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Is the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 All Wet on Balancing Hydronic Systems for Variable Flow Pumping? Part I
Sponsor: 06.01, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems; 08.10, Pumps and Hydronic Piping
Moderator: Kenneth Luther, Member, ITT Fluid Handling, Morton Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The first part of this two part forum focuses on Section 6.3.5 Hydronic System Design and Control - 6.3.5.1 Hydronic Variable Flow Systems. This paragraph dictates that an individual pump which exceeds 100 ft. head and 50 hp shall include motor controls that vary the motor speed. Is this a reasonable criteria? 6.3.5.2 Pump Isolation - This paragraph dictates, when a chilled water plant includes more than one chiller, no less than a corresponding number of chilled and condensing water pumps shall be provided. Should the ASHRAE standard direct the designer to a specific source or pump design configuration? 6.3.5.3 Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls - This paragraph dictates, chilled and hot water systems with a design capacity exceeding 300,000 btu/hr, shall include controls that automatically reset supply water temperatures. Should variable volume chilled water systems utilize reset controls?

Forum 14
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Life Extension/Decommissioning Guidelines for HVAC Systems in Nuclear Facilities
Sponsor: 09.02, Industrial Air Cleaning
Moderator: Douglass Abramson, Member,U.S. Dept. of Energy, Germantown, Maryland
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
This forum will address the requirements and information desired from a guideline on the life extension and/or decommissioning of an HVAC system in a nuclear facility. Life extension of existing facilities required to operate for 10-15 years past the design life of original systems has become a most common situation for engineers responsible for the maintenance of nuclear facilities. Numerous questions faced by the HVAC engineers responsible for operating these facilities must be answered not only from a budget or cost perspective but from the safety of the workers and the public (human and environmental).

Forum 15
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Is The ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 All Wet on Balancing Hydronic Systems for Variable Flow Pumping? Part II
Sponsor: 06.01, Hydronic and Steam Equipment; 08.10, Pumps and Hyrdonic Piping
Moderator: Roy Ahlgren, Associate Member, ITT Fluid Handling, Morton Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The second part of this two part forum focuses on Section 6.2.6.3 Hydronic System Balancing - This paragraph deals with system balancing, stating that variable flow systems need not be balanced upstream of the controlling device. Judging from the number of debates at San Antonio, this topic is far from being resolved. 6.2.6.3.3 requires impeller trimming, but allows an exception for pump motors of 10 hp or less and another exception for throttling up to 3 hp. Are these exceptions too high?

Forum 16
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Successful Building Performance - Bridging from Design to Operation - Do We Need ASHRAFOE ?
Sponsor: 01.07, Operation and Maintenance; 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: A. L. Utesch, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Cybernetic Systems Management Corporation, Argyle, Texas
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
In the forum's title, the acronym ASHRAFOE is intended to represent an organization entitled The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Facility Operating Engineers. Although our assumed common goal in ASHRAE is successful facility performance, a common viewpoint is that most buildings fall short of optimum design objectives in either comfort, IAQ, energy usage, operation and maintenance costs, and or equipment longevity. There has been some debate as to ASHRAE's inclusion, training and certification of facilities operating engineers as vital and equal engineering partners in achieving this success. Is ASHRAE now ready to open its doors and address these "bottom line" problems and potential solutions? This forum features a panel of experienced operation and management personnel proposing a diverse range of solutions.

Monday
January 27, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 4
Room: 113C
Chair: James Buckley

Numerical Simulation of Solar Heat Absorption Within Indoor Space by Means of Composite Grid Method (4026)
Toshiaki Omori, Dr. Eng., Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan, Shuzo Murakami, Dr. Eng., Member, University of Tokyo, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan, Shinsuke Kato, Dr. Eng., Member, University of Tokyo, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan
This paper describes the numerical simulation method of solar radiation entering indoor spaces through fenestration. The proposed method can systematically deal with the interception of sunlight by buildings existing in the outdoor space and obstacles placed in the indoor space by tracing a large number of particles directed toward the sun.

Flow Modeling of Flat Oval Ductwork Elbows Using Computational Fluid Dynamics-(RP-854) (4027)
T. A. Mahank, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, Stanley .A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Incompressible turbulent flow fields in HVAC elbows were computed using an incompressible, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver implementing a k - e turbulence mode. Two different geometries were investigated. These geometries include 90 degree 5 gore hard-bend and easy-bend flat oval elbows. The geometries represent a subset of many configurations analyzed in ASHRAE RP-854, Determination of Duct Fitting Resistance by Numerical Analysis.

Computational Fluid Dynamics for HVAC: Successful and Failed Stories (4028)
Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
The computational fluid dynamics technique has been used for different flow and heat transfer problems in the HVAC industry in the last two decades. Considerable successes have been achieved while there are still some uncertainties. This paper show that some uncertainties are the results of many approximations used in turbulence models, numerical algorithms, and discrete methods, etc. It is important that CFD program users have a good knowledge of turbulent flows and numerical techniques in order to perform correct simulations.

Improving Thermal and Flow Properties of Chilled Water (801-RP and 895-RP) Pt. 1 - Material Selection and Instrument Calibration (4029)
Harold G. Lorsch, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Kris Murali, Raychem Corporation, Fuqua-Varina, North Carolina, Young I. Cho, Ph.D., Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A mixture of two n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) was developed that has a phase change temperature between the usual supply and return temperatures of chilled water systems. Adding such a material to chilled water significantly increases its volumetric thermal capacity. This paper covers the selection of the phase change material (PCM) and a surfacant that prevents pipe clogging of the frozen PCM. The results of flow loop tests are presented in a companion paper.

Improving Thermal and Flow Properties of Chilled Water (801-RP and 895-RP) Pt. 2 - Facility Construction and Flow Tests (4030)
Harold G. Lorsch, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Kris Murali, Raychem Corporation, Fuqua-Varina, India, Kaustubh Chandratre, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Young I. Cho, Ph.D., Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A companion paper describes the development of a mixture of two n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) that has a phase change temperature between the usual supply and return temperatures of chilled water systems. Adding such a phase change material (PCM) to water increases its volumetric thermal capacity by 20% for a chilled water range of 15 degrees F accompanied by pressure drop increases of less than 5%. This paper describes (1) the construction of an experimental facility and (2) experiments that evaluated the behavior of such materials in building chilled water systems.

Symposium PH-97-10
Room: 109
Thermal and Fluid Flow Characteristics of Alternate Refrigerants/Refrigerant Mixtures
Sponsor: 01.03, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow; 8.05, Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer
Chair: Michael M. Ohadi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
Liaison: Lee Burgett
This symposium will focus on recent experimental/analytical findings on thermal and fluid flow characteristics of single-phase and phase-change processes of significance to the refrigeration/air conditioning applications. This symposium especially covers heat transfer/pressure drop of alternate refrigerants.

1. System Performance of a Split-Type Unit Having R-22 and R-407C as Working Fluid
Chung-szu Wei, Ph.D., Member, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Lin Sheih-pei, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Chi-chuan Wang, Ph.D., Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan; presented by Lin Sheih-pei

2. Two Phase Flow Pattern for HFC-134a Inside a 6.5 mm Smooth Tube
Wang Chi-chuan, Ph.D., Member, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Chiang Ching-shan, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Lin Sheih-pei, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Lu Ding-chung, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

3. EHD Enhancement of In-Tube condensation Heat Transfer of Alternate Refrigerant, R-134a
Abtar Singh, Ph.D., Member, Copeland Corporation, Sidney, Ohio, Michael Ohadi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Serguei Dessiatoun, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

4. Comparative Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of New Alternatives to R-22
Samuel Sami, Ph.D., Member, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada, Bertrand Poirier, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada

Symposium PH-97-11
Room: 108B
Topics In Desiccant Technology
Sponsor: 03.05, Desiccant and Sorption Technology
Chair:Steven Slayzak, Associate Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado
Liaison: James Vallort
Papers will cover a range of topics in desiccant technology research and development, such as matrix testing, computer modeling, cooling component innovation and field monitoring of a waste-heat-regenerated unit.

1. Dynamic Testing of Desiccant Matrices and Computerized Evaluation of Performance Maps
Marek Czachorski, Member, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois, Jaroslav Wurm, Ph.D., Member, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois, William M. Worek, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, James Mierke, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, Paul Brillhart, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois

2. Novel Desiccant Cooling System Using Indirect Evaporative Cooler
William A. Belding, Ph.D., Innovative Research Enterprises, Danville, California, Marc P. F. Delmas, Member, La Roche Air Systems Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana

3. Demonstration and Testing of an All-Electric Desiccant Dehumidification System at a New Jersey Supermarket

Seminar 19
Room: 111
Back to Basics IV: Factors Affecting Centrifugal Chiller Performance
Sponsor: 08.02, Centrifugal Machines
Chair: David Reid, Member, Carrier Corporation, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
Liaison: Filza Hassan
This seminar is the fourth in a series of "Back to Basics" seminars presented by TC 8.2. This seminar will analyze the operating characteristics of compressors, heat exchangers and control devices and their effects on the performance of centrifugal refrigeration equipment. This seminar will provide practical application information for specifying and using centrifugal refrigeration equipment.

1. Factors Affecting Centrifugal Compressor Performance
Joost J. Brasz, Ph.D., Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York

2. Control Factors Affecting Centrifugal Chiller Performance
Jay Eldridge, P.E., Member, McQuay International, Stauton, Virginia

3. Heat Exchanger Performance Factors
William Landman, Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin

Seminar 20
Room: Lecture Hall
Issues Update
Sponsor: Technical, Energy and Government Activities Committee
Chair: James Crawford, Member, American Standard, Inc., Arlington, Virginia
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
This seminar brings insights and highlights on contemporary issues of broad interest to the Member, ship. Topics featured include environmental and related issues and the response of the Society and other private sector and government organizations to these issues. The seminar will address incorporation of the new generation of refrigerants in the applicable building codes, new procedures of the Department of Energy for development of appliance standards, and energy conservation in Department of Defense.

1. Building Code Revisions for Alternate Refrigerants
James Calm, P.E., Member, Great Falls, Virginia

2. A New Paradigm for Setting Appliance Efficiency Standards
Michael J. McCabe, Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

3. Innovation in Department of Defense Contracting for Energy Conservation
Millard Carr, P.E., Department of Defense, Arlington, Virginia

Seminar 21
Room: 113B
Purchasing Electricity in a Deregulated Marketplace...A Consumer's Guide for ASHRAE Members
Sponsor: 01.09, Electrical Systems
Chair: Colleen Smith, P.E., Member, Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Florida
Liaison: Larry Markel
In the redefinement of the electric utility industry, utilities will need to offer new products and services to be successful say some utility experts. What are these products and services and how will they affect me as an ASHRAE member ? Are these products and services that consumers need or only the utilities' perception of what they think consumers need (or want)?

1. New Choices in a Deregulated Environment: Electrons and Other Bundled Services
Dave Lefkowith, The Canyon Group Inc., Los Angeles, California

2. Utility New Products and Services - A Glimpse
John C. Fox, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

3. A Facility Management View of Deregulation
Charles Claar, P.E., Member, International Facility Management Association, Houston, Texas

Seminar 22
Room: 113A
Refrigerant Flammability Test Procedures and Results
Sponsor: 03.01, Refrigerants and Brines
Chair: Steve Szymurski, Member, ARI, Arlington, Virginia
Liaison: James Norman
In the search for environmentally acceptable alternatives to CFCs, hydrocarbons and other flammable refrigerants have been investigated as alternative refrigerants or as components of refrigerant blends. The need to classify these alternatives for safety brought attention to several shortcomings of the flammability test method used in ASHRAE Standard 34. Several research projects conducted in recent years have demonstrated how variations in test conditions and procedures impact flammability test results. This seminar will present some of that research and review how the recent developments in flammability test methods influenced proposed modifications to Standard 34.

1. Measurements of Flammability Limits of Gases with a Conventional Vessel Method
Shigeo Kondo, Ph.D., NIMC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Akifumi Takahashi, NIMC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Youkichi Urano, RITE, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

2. Underwriter's Laboratories Inc. Method for Flammability Testing of Refrigerants as Found in Standard UL 2182
Robert A. Kingsbury, UL Inc., Northbrook, Illinois

3. Refrigerant Flammability Testing in Large Volume Vessels
Robert G. Richard, Allied Signal, Buffalo, New York

4. The Development and Performance of the ASHRAE 34 Flammability Test Procedure
Edwin S. Iracki, Ph.D., Member, DuPont, Wilmington, Delaware

5. Measurement of Refrigerant Flammability: A New Test Method
Carole Womeldorf, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD

Forum 17
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 108A
Aerosol Releases from Relief Valves
Sponsor: 10.01, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
Moderator: Ronald P. Vallort, P.E., Member, The Haskell Company, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
Liaison: Debra Catanese
When a relief valve discharges, the form of the release is sometimes an aerosol of liquid droplets in vapor. This form of discharge is undesirable both for halocarbon refrigerants and ammonia. In the case of halocarbons, prolonged exposure could cause asphyxiation, and in ammonia, the aerosol is dense and falls to the ground rather than rising in elevation. There is a further concern that when a mixture of liquid and vapor passes through the valve that, while the mass of refrigerant flow is high, the rate of volume release that would drop the pressure in the vessel is low. It is suspected that the liquid level in the vessel being relieved and the proximity to the outlet nozzle influences the formation of the aerosol.

Forum 18
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 105B
Should A Guideline on Total Building Commissioning Be Developed?
Sponsor: 09.09, Building Commissioning
Moderator: Carl Lawson, Member, Wren Janus Engineering Inc., Chantilly, Virginia
Liaison: Charles McDowell
With guidelines on commissioning HVAC Systems and Fire and Smoke Control System already published, it seems we may have left out the most important item of the building - the Total Building itself. The total building can and does affect the HVAC systems in the building: the windows, the walls, the roof, the electrical systems, etc., and it seem we are not currently addressing these items and owners are asking why. In order to have a total and complete functional building it appears that the total building should be commissioned. This forum will address the many reasons why a guideline on Total Building Commissioning should be developed.

Forum 19
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 107B
Why Do We Need Intake to Exhaust Separation Distances in Standard 62?
Sponsor: 02.05, Air Flow Around Buildings; 04.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Moderator: David Wilson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Proposed ASHRAE Standard 62 requires that air intakes be located sufficiently far from exhaust to avoid excessive contamination. The exhaust to intake spacing is based on the contamination class of exhaust air, and an atmospheric dilution factor calculated for a single design windspeed. This forum will explore how current design practice may have to be changed to produce inherently good designs that meet the requirements of proposed Standard 62.

Forum 20
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 105B
Cogeneration Barriers
Sponsor: 09.05, Cogeneration Systems
Moderator: Charles McDowell, P.E., Member, Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, Alabama
Liaison: Charles McDowell
Cogeneration is an obvious solution for energy generation due to overall efficiency, however, development and application of cogeneration requires overcoming many barriers such as, high first cost, environmental concerns, reliable fuel supply at competitive cost, back up energy cost/availability, and a need for high load factor to generate adequate benefits to cover costs. This forum will address these and related barriers.

Forum 21
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 107B
How Can We Improve Control of Outdoor Air and Mixed Air - Phase II
Sponsor: 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: John P. Kettler, P.E., Member, York International, Kansas City, Missouri
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Measuring and controlling minimum ventilation air continues to be a critical factor in maintaining indoor air quality. How do we measure it accurately; 100% outdoor air flow stations, minimum damper pressure drop, or injection fans? With CO2 overrides, where do you sense the CO2, and how responsive is this approach? What recommendations should ASHRAE make relating to the cost and benefits of the various techniques, are all questions that will be addressed in this forum.

Forum 22
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 108A
Oil Return In Systems Using R-404A and R-507
Liaison: Debra Catanese
Moderator: William Barbier, Member, Concept Technology, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri
Sponsor: 10.03, Refrigerant Piping, Controls and Accessories
R-502 production has stopped and the refrigeration industry is in the process of changing to various alternate refrigerants for low temperature refrigeration systems. R-404A and R-5007 are among the refrigerants to replace R-502. These refrigerants require the use of polyolester (POE) oil in the system. What new problems are posed by the use of these refrigerants used to replace R-502 on retrofit and new systems? The purpose of this forum is to discuss experiences with R-404A and R-507 applications.

Tuesday
January 28, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-12
Room: 113A
Advanced Cycles and Systems for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Sponsor: 01.01, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics
Chair: Anthony Jacobi, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Liaison: Lee Burgett
Recently, there have been significant advances in our understanding and application of advanced thermodynamic cycles and systems for air-conditioning and refrigeration applications. These advances include hybrid systems and non-vapor-compression cycles. It is important to assess these emerging technologies for their potential as environmentally sound, energy-efficient alternatives to conventional systems. Three papers are presented that describe unconventional systems and assess their potential.

1. Modeling of Absorption/Compression Cycles Using Working Pair Carbon Dioxide/Acetone
Eckhard A. Groll, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

2. Theoretical Evaluation of the Optimal Performance of a Thermoacoustic Refrigerator
Brian L. Minner, Student Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, James E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, L. Mongeau, Ph.D., Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

3. Heat Pump Assisted Dryer Using Refrigerant Mixtures - Batch Mode Drying (Invited Paper)
Sivakumar Gopalnarayanan, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Seminar 23
Room: Lecture Hall
Avoiding Other's Mistakes in Performance Contracting
Sponsor: 01.08, Owning and Operating Costs
Chair: Peter Rojeski, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Member, N.C. A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
The seminar addresses the managerial and technical competence required of owners who enter into performance contracting agreements or who out source their entire maintenance programs. The speakers will address mistakes made by some owners and the consequences of those errors. A presentation on contractual language also will be included.

1. A Brief Introduction to Performance Contracting and Outsourcing Maintenance
Peter Rojeski, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Member, N.C. A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina

2. Performance Contracting - Are There Side Effects?
J. Davidge Warfield, Member, National Indoor Air Care, Seattle, Washington

3. Pitfalls to Avoid in Performance Contracting
William R. Thompson, P.E., Member, Thompson Designers, Inc., Troy, Illinois

4. Energy Savings Performance Contracting in the Air Force
Freddie L. Beason, P.E., Member, US Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, Tyndall AFB, Florida

Seminar 24
Room: 109
Balancing Variable Flow HVAC Water Systems - The Debate Continues
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems; 09.07, Testing and Balancing
Chair: Rodney Lewis, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Rodney H. Lewis Assoc. Inc., Houston, Texas
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Liaison: James Buckley
A seminar and a series of articles in the ASHRAE Journal have failed to gain consensus in the Society. This seminar revisits the subject "if balancing valves are needed or can the control valve do the entire balancing job."

1. Energy Consumption of Balancing Valves in HVAC Water Systems
James (Burt) Rishel, P.E., Life Member, ASHRAE, Systecon, Inc., West Chester, Ohio

2. Why We Do Not Need Balancing Valves in Variable Flow Water Systems
Gilbert H. Avery, Jr., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Life Member, Kele & Associates, Memphis, Tennessee

3. Control Valves and Balancing Valves Can Work in Harmony
Kenneth R. Luther, Member, ITT FLuid Handling, Morton Grove, Illinois

4. Why We Need Balancing Valves in Variable Flow Water Systems
Gaylon R. Richardson, Member, Engineered Air Balance Co. Inc., Houston, Texas

Seminar 25
Room: 111
Issues Related to Flexible Laboratory Design
Sponsor: 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Louis Hartman, P.E., Member, Harley Ellington Design, Southfield, Michigan,
Liaison: James Norman
Owners commonly request laboratory designs that are flexible, often without specific guidelines or understanding of issues and costs. This seminar will explore the issues surrounding designing flexible laboratories and is targeted at providing insight into specific strategies for accomplishing flexible laboratory system design. Individual presentations address issues faced in the design of new facilities as well as those encountered in renovating existing facilities and deal with both the successes and shortfalls of specific projects.

1. Flexible Utility System Design for Laboratories
George P. Isherwood, P.E., Associate Member, Harley Ellington Design, Southfield, Michigan

2. Designing Flexible Lab Buildings: Combining Modularity with Variable Air Volume
Victor A. Neuman, P.E., Member, Anemostat, Encinitas, California

3. Case Study Flexibility of Lab Designs Using VAV
Steven L. Viehl, P.E., HLW International, New York, New York

4. Providing Flexibility in a Renovated Laboratory HVAC System
Henry J. Vance, P.E., Member, Vance Professional Services, Wilmington, Delaware

Seminar 26
Room: 113B
Non-POE Lubricants for HFC Systems
Sponsor: 03.04, Lubrication
Chair: Kenneth Lilje, Ph.D., Member, CPI Engineering Services, Inc., Midland, Michigan
Liaison: Larry Degelman
Polyol esters (POE) have seen extensive use in HFC applications. Other classes of lubricants have also been evaluated and are finding utility. The presentations in this seminar will describe potential uses for some of these alternate lubricants. Lubricant classes to be discussed include mineral oils, alkyl benzenes, polyalphaolefins, ether and polybasic esters.

1. Lubricants for Refrigeration Compressor Applications, Part VI (DROPPED)
Michael T. Costello, Ph.D., Witco Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey

2. Experiences with Alkylbenzenes in HFC Systems
Philip A. Becker, Associate Member, Shrieve Chemical Products, The Woodlands, Texas

3. Immiscible Lubricants for Use with HFC Refrigerants
David Vincent, Associate Member, BVA, Wixom, Michigan

4. The Practical Performance of a New Ether-Type Lubricant for HCFC Alternative Refrigerants
Lori Homolish, Apollo America Corporation, Southfield, Michigan

5. A Novel Ester Based Lubricant for Non-CFC Compressor Lubrication
Sibtain Hamid, Member, Huls America, Inc., Piscataway, New Jersey

Seminar 27
Room: 108B
Who is Liable?
Sponsor: TG2, Seismic Restraint Design
Chair: James Carlson, Associate Member, Leo A. Daly, Omaha, Nebraska
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
It is apparent that seismic restraints for mechanical HVAC equipment have been ignored by contractors and engineers. Recent earthquakes have caused extensive damage to mechanical systems. Onwers, insurance companies, and the federal government paid millions of dollars to repair HVAC systems and re-establish functional buildings. Codes are currently being rewritten to include more stringent criteria for seismic restraints of mechanical HVAC equipment. Liabilities and responsibilities are being redefined and will increase in most cases. These issues are addressed in this seminar.

1. The Responsibilities and Liabilities of Engineers in the Design Community
Thomas H. Porterfield, Victor O. Schinerer & Co., Chevy Chase, Maryland

2. The Seismic Resistive Design Process - Who is Responsible for What?
J. Marx Ayres, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Life Member, Ayres and Ezer Associates, Los Angeles, California

3. Liability and the Design Professional
William Staehlin, P.E., State of California, Sacramento, California

Seminar 46
Room: 110A/B
Aircraft Cabin Air Quality Measurements
Sponsor: TC 9.3 Aviation Subcommittee
Chair: Tom Nagle, Associate Member, Douglas Aircraft Co., Long Beach, California
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Air quality surveys and measurements have been conducted and reported for commercial aircraft; however, the data seems to have not been used by the media, consumer advocate groups, and individuals who appear to relate the air quality in aircraft cabins with unrelated factors. Results of studies are reported to help quantify some of these factors relative to work that has been proposed by the TC 9.3 Aviation Subcommittee and needed by the SPC 161P Commercial Airline Air Quality Standard Committee.

1. Aircraft Cabin Air Quality Passenger Perception
William C. Bowen, United Airlines, Inc., San Francisco, California

2. Cabin Air Quality on Long Distance Flights
Randal A. Gaseor, John A. Jurgiel & Associates, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri

3. Environmental Exposures During Travel
John D. Spengler, Ph.D., Harvard University, Boston, Massachusettes

4. Cabin Air Quality Exposure Assessment on Commercial Airlines
Martha Waters, Ph.D., NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio

Forum 23
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
How Do You Control White Rust in a Galvinized Cooling Tower?
Sponsor: 03.06, Corrosion and Water Treatment
Moderator:Scott Mayes, Member, Marley Cooling Tower Company, Overland Park, Kansas
Liaison: Ron Howell
White rust affects a number of galvanized steel cooling towers annually. Historically, the number of white rust cases increased as the pH and alkalinity increased and as the water treatment industry reduced the use of acid and chromate corrosion inhibitors in water treatment programs. Cooling water treatment programs increased usage of more alkaline water chemistries and scale inhibitors for the prevention of scale. Alkaline water chemistries are naturally less corrosive to steel and copper, but create conditions where white rust of galvanized steel can occur.

Forum 24
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Buildings & Environment: Declaration of Interdependence. ASHRAE's Role in Addressing Buildings' Impacts on the Environment
Sponsor: Environmental Health
Moderator: Hal Levin, Member, Hal Levin & Associates, Santa Cruz, California
Liaison: Charles McDowell
Buildings, including HVAC&R technology, have significant impacts on the environment. Human and ecological health, resource management, and pollution emissions are important impacts of buildings. The contribution of buildings to these impacts generally ranges from 15 to 45% of total impacts. U.S. buildings annually use approximately 45% of all national energy and more than 10% of global energy consumed including both embodied and operational energy. Use of metals and other mineral resources by buildings generally tends to exceed 50% of national consumption. Plastics use in buildings are estimated at 75% of total national consumption. This forum will address ASHRAE's development of technologies to minimize and mitigate the impacts of buildings on the environment and to develop analytical tools to account for the ecological and human health effects of environmental resource and service degradation.

Forum 25
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Light Flicker - Is It the Appliance or the Utility? What Can We Do About It?
Sponsor: 01.09, Electrical Systems; 08.01, Positive Displacement Compressors
Moderator: Richard L. Hall, P.E., Member, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio
Liaison: Charles McDowell
Motor driven appliance design and installation, lighting equipment design and installation, and electrical utility equipment and installation all play a role in nuisance light flicker complaints associated with motor starts. Is there a problem and what can we do about it?

Forum 26
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
The Rise and Fall of Real-Time Pricing
Sponsor: 06.09, Thermal Storage
Moderator:Douglas Reindl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, EPRI HVAC&R Center (TSARC), Madison, Wisconsin
Liaison: Ron Howell
In the face of retail competition, many electric utilities are exploring various pricing options to attract and retain customers. One electric utility rate structure that has gained a great deal of attention is real-time pricing (RTP). With this rate structure, the price of electricity to a potential structure can have a dramatic impact on building owners. This forum will address the impact of RTP rate structures on the equipment and control system/strategy decisions made by building owners and operators. Several of the currently available RTP rate structures will be presented followed by a discussion of issues.

Poster Sessions
9:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.
Chairs: Filza Hassan, Sally McInerny, Robert Suggs

Poster Session 1
Room: 113C

Airborne and Settled Dust Levels in a Swine House (4031) (PAPER WITHDRAWN)
Ronaldo Maghirang, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Manuel C. Puma, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
Airborne (total and respirable) and settled dust levels were measured for 13 sampling days during a six-week production period in a swine nursery house. Dust samples were collected for 24 h during each sampling day at three sampling locations along the center alley of the test house. The day-to-day variability in concentrations and in particle size distribution was large.

Efficiency & Separation of Losses of an Induction Motor and Its Adjustable Speed Drive at Different Loading/Speed Combinations (4034)
Alexander Domijan, Ph.D., Member, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Akram A. Abu-aisheh, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Dariusz Czarkowski, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Adjustable speed drives create an opportunity for better utilization of electric energy. When an ASD is used to control motor speed, motor performance (efficiency and losses) is affected by the switching method employed to control the ASD inverter. Performance measurements were done for a 5 hp three-phase squirrel cage induction motor-ASD set at different loading/speed combinations, and the laboratory testing results were analyzed.

Modern Vane Anemometers and Their Use for Fume Hood Monitoring (4033)
Peter M. Downing, Ph.D., Airflow Developments Ltd., Bucks, England
The paper focuses on the often overlooked advantages of vane anemometer technology. In addition to the base technology, many modern refinements have been added, making this variety of instrument worthy of consideration for today's usage. A common application of the vane anemometer is fume hood face velocity measurement. Comparisons have been made with an alternative technology instrument, the thermal anemometer, and distinctions drawn between their use for Performance Type Testing and Routine Maintenance Purposes. European usage is reported upon with reference to the first edition of B.S. 7258, 1990, and the significant changes in the 1994 second edition.

Performance of Electric Power Meters and Analyzers in Adjustable Speed Drive Applications (4035)
Dariusz Czarkowski, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Alexander Domijan, Ph.D., Member, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Electric adjustable speed drives are increasingly used in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment due to the energy savings and comfort of operation that they offer. Power electronic circuits that are employed in ASDs shape their input and output voltage and current waveforms making them highly distorted from typical power-grid sinusoids. Accurate measurements of voltage, current, and power under nonsinusoidal conditions are essential for determining the efficiency of an HVAC unit and performing separation of losses between an ASD and an electric motor. Three modern power meters and analyzers were tested to determine their accuracy with various nonsinusoidal waveforms applied.

Removal of Suspended Fine Particles From Gases by Turbulent Deposition (4032)
Francis A. Dullien, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Will Kwan, Nutech Energy Systems, London, Ontario, Canada, Ann Collins, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Gerard W. Regier, Nutech Energy Systems Inc., London, Ontario, Canada; Presented by Alan Screen, Nutech Energy Systems, London, Ontario, Canada
A new, patented turbulent flow precipitator process is described that takes advantage of turbulent velocity fluctuations, or eddies, to carry micron and submicron size particles from turbulent dust flow into narrow and deep spaces (traps), lying alongside of the turbulent gas, where the turbulence gradually dies out and the particles deposit on the collector surfaces. Test results with three different types of TFP are presented and discussed.

Poster Session 2
Room: 113C

Mitigating the Impacts of ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 on Florida Schools (4036)
Badrish S. Davanagere, Associate Member, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, Florida, Don B. Shirey, III, Member, Flordia Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, Florida, Kannan Rengarajan, P.E., Associate Member, AJT and Associates, Inc., Cape Canaveral, Florida, Frank Colacino, Member, Florida Power and Light, Miami, Florida
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 effectively raised the minimum outdoor air requirements for ventilating school classrooms by a factor of three. The impacts of ASHRAE Standard 62-89 on a typical Florida elementary school were studied by performing annual building energy simulations using computer software. A single prototypical school was modeled for three cities: Miami, Orlando and Jacksonville. The performance of a conventional HVAC system and several alternative technologies were investigated to assess their ability to mitigate the impacts of ASHRAE Standard 62-89 while maintaining acceptable indoor humidity levels. In addition, the installed first costs and life-cycle costs for all HVAC systems investigated were estimated and compare to identify cost-effective options.

Energy Efficient Heat Recovery Systems for Air Conditioning of Indoor Swimming Pools (4037)
Moustafa Elsayed, Ph.D., Member, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait, Mohammed M. El-Reface, Ph.D., Member, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait, Yousef A. Borhan, Member, Gulf Engineering Company, Safat, Kuwait
Analysis of a conventional air conditioning system for indoor swimming pools during summer season is presented. The analysis showed that the cooling load is characterized by a large latent heat fraction. As a result, a reheating process must be used after the cooling coil to achieve the proper design comfort condition in the pool area. This reheating process in turn increases the energy requirement per unit cooling load of the pool. Two heat recovery systems are proposed to reduce this energy. A typical case study is given to demonstrate the saving in energy consumption when these systems are used.

To Boil or Not to Boil, A Study of Bubble Embryo Dormancy Limits (4051)
Ignacio R. Martin-Dominguez, Ph.D., Instituto Politecnico Nacional, (CIIDIR), Durango, Mexico, Thomas W. McDonald, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
With few exceptions, only re-entrant surface cavities are capable of containing dormant vapor bubble embryos. Their shape and size, together with the surface tension and thermal properties of the fluid, dictate the range of wall superheats over which the embryo is stable. At the upper dormancy limit, nucleate boiling starts. Below the lower limit, the embryo is quenched. This study shows, for a given cavity shape, fluid, and state, the larger the cavity the more restrictive the dormancy limits.

Poster Session 3
Room: 113C

A Tuning Method of Two Degrees of Freedom PID Controller (4039)
Masatao Kasahara, Associate Member, Oyama National College of Technology, Tochigi, Japan, Tadahiko Matsuba, Associate Member, Yamatake-Honeywell Co., Ltd., Tokyo 150, Japan, Itaru Murasawa, Tonets Corporation, Chiba, Japan, Yukihiro Hashimoto, Tonets Corporation, Chiba, Japan, Kazuyuki Kamimura, Member, Yamatake-Honeywell Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, Akiomi Kimbara, Oyama National College of Technology, Tochigi, Japan, Shigeru Kuruso, Member, Oyama National Collge of Technology, Tochigi, Japan
This paper proposes a new tuning method when using a 2 DOF PID controller. Its control performance for a first order lag plus dead time system is shown as an example of the commonly approximated controlled platns in HVAC field. Reference and disturbance input changes to a conventional PID controller do not necessarily tend to give a satisfactory response. To overcome this problem, several two degrees of freedom PID (2DOF PID) algorithms have been developed to replace the conventional PID controllers. To evaluate the control performance, a comparison is carried out between the two tuning methods, optimization technique and partial model matching method, using simulation.

Effects of Glass Plate Curvature on the U-Factor of Sealed Insulated Glazing Units (4038)
Michel A. Bernier, P.E., Member, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montrea, Quebec, Canada, Bernard Bourret, Ph.D., Complexe Scientifique de Ranqueil, Toulouse, France
The results of a study aimed at quantifying the change in the U-factor caused by glass plate curvature in sealed insulated glazing (IG) units are presented. The curvature may be caused by a number of factors, two of which will be studied in this paper: barometric pressure and gas space temperature variations. Yearly simulations were also performed for Montreal, Canada, and Toulouse, France, to examine the combined effects of exterior temperature, barometric pressure, and wind speed.

In Situ Performance Testing of Chillers for Energy Analysis (4040)
John Phelan, Student Member, Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, Colorado, Michael J. Brandemuehl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
The effectiveness of energy efficiency improvements to buldling mechanical systems are difficult to quantify and often require in-situ measurement of the mechanical equipment performance. This paper describes the development and evaluation of in-situ testing guidelines for chillers. The in-situ testing methods are designed to evaluate annual energy consumption and to account for part-load operations that are affected by overall system controls.

In-Situ Performance Testing of Fans and Pumps for Energy Analysis (4043)
John Phelan, Student Member, Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, Colorado, Michael J. Brandemuehl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
The effectiveness of energy efficiency improvements to building mechanical systems are difficult to quantify and often require in-situ measurement of the mechanical equipment performance. This paper describes the development and evaluation of in-situ testing guidelines for fans and pumps developed under ASHRAE Research Project 827-RP. The in-situ testing methods are designed to evaluate annual energy consumption and to account for part-load operations that are affected by overall system controls. A relationship between power consumption and "load" is developed for the equipment and system using a combination of direct measurements, statistical regression analysis, manufacturer's data, and engineering principles. Annual energy consumption characteristics are derived by combining test results with a user-specified distribution of loads. A comprehensive uncertainty analysis has been developed to estimate the overall prediction uncertainty of using in-situ testing results to evaluate annual energy consumption. The results indicate that reliable estimates of energy use can be obtained for fans and pumps with relatively few in-situ measurements.

Performance of Fibrous Glass Pipe Insulation Subjected to Underground Water Attack (RP-721) (4041)
Ming C. Chyu, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Xin Zeng, Ph.D., Member, Nartron Corporation, Reed City, Michigan, Liang Ye, Nartron Corporation, Reed City, Michigan
The performance of fibrous glass pipe insulation used in district heating and cooling subjected to underground water attack has been investigated. The results presented include the effective thermal conductivity, the time required for moisture absorption, the drying rate and to what extent the insulation can be dried out once the source of moisture is removed. It was found that the effective thermal conductivity of the wet fiberglass insulation can be from 52 to 185 times higher, depending on the insulation and the surrounding water temperatures, compared with dry insulation. Both dimensional and dimensionless correlations were developed for the heat transfer data of wet insulation.

The Effect of Moisture Content on the Performance of Polyurethane Insulation on a District Heating and Cooling Pipe (4042)
Ming C. Chyu, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Xin Zeng, Ph.D., Member, Nartron Corporation, Reed City, Michigan, Liang Ye, Nartron Corporation, Reed City, Michigan
The performance of polyurethane pipe insulation used in district heating and cooling subjected to underground water attack has been investigated. The objectives of the experiment are to measure the effective thermal conductivity and the moisture absorption rate of polyurethane pipe insulation under the condition similar to those found in operating systems which have failed, and to determine the drying rate and to what extent the insulation can be dried out once the source of moisture is removed.

Poster Session 4
Room: 113C

Bulk Refrigeration of Fruits and Vegetables Part II: Computer Algorithm for Heat Loads and Moisture Loss (4050)
Bryan Becker, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, Anil Misra, Ph.D., P.E., University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, Brian Fricke, Student Member, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri
A computer algorithm was developed that estimates the latent and sensible heat loads due to the bulk refrigeration of fruits and vegetables. The algorithm also predicts the commodity moisture loss and temperature distribution which occurs during refrigeration. Part I focused upon the thermophysical properties of commodities and the flowfield parameters which govern the heat and mass transfer from fresh fruits and vegetables. This paper, Part II, discusses the modeling methodology utilized in the current computer algorithm and describes the development of the heat and mass transfer models. Part II also compares the results of the computer algorithm to experimental data taken from the literature, and, describes a parametric study which was performed with the algorithm.

Development and Evaluation of a Rule-Based Control Strategy for Ice Storage Systems (4047)
Kirk Drees, P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, James E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
This paper describes the development and evaluation of a near-optimal control strategy for ice storage systems. The strategy is based upon simple heuristics that were developed from daily and monthly simulations of cooling systems with internal melt, area-constrained ice storage tanks. Dynamic programming was used to obtain the optimal control trajectories which minimized an integrated energy and demand cost function for both the daily and monthly simulations. In addition to leading to simple heuristics, the monthly optimal control results were used as benchmarks to evaluate the performance of both conventional and the new control strategy. The rule-based strategy can be easily implemented within a small micro-processor controller and only requires measurements of the system cooling requirement, building electrical usage, and state-of-charge of storage.

Evaluation of Directional Shading Fabric Composites with Application to Improved Daylighting (4049)
Bruce Hunn, Ph.D., Member, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, Maureen M. Grasso, Ph.D., Member, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, Ardis M. Rewerts, Ph.D., The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, Mark A. Beaudry, P.E., Member, DeTemple Company, Portland, Oregon
This paper documents research toward the development of an advanced, prototype shade fabric composite designed to improve daylighting and control solar heat gain. The textiles and directional elements used reflect a portion of the incoming, broadband-average, solar radiation while redirecting light up to the ceiling, thus reducing glare and the amount of artificial light needed. The exploratory design was refined by determining the effects on the transmittance distribution of variations in pleat scale, reflecting tape tilt angle, and shade orientation. The resulting prototype design allows occupants to tradeoff daylighting enhancement against shading performance, depending on time of day, season, and window orientation.

Condensation Process in External Concrete Walls under Random Fluctuation of Outdoor Temperature - Fundamental Study of Heat and Moisture Behaviors by Fokker-Planck Equation (4048)
S. Hokoi, Ph.D., Member, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, M. Matsumoto, Ph.D., Kobe University, Japan
To investigate the condensation process in a wall composed of porous materials under randomly changing outdoor temperatures, a method is proposed to calculate the probability density of moisture contents. By modeling outdoor temperature as a filtered Gaussian white noise, the heat and moisture transfer processes, and the stochastic process of outdoor temperature can be expressed by state space equations. The Fokker-Planck equation is derived by making use of this state space expression. A wall made of autoclaved, low density concrete is analysed, and the probability density of the moisture content is obtained. This simple example clarifies the influence of random outdoor temperature on the condensation process.

In Situ Refractometry for Concentration Measurements in Refrigeration Systems (4045)
Ty A. Newell, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
An in situ refractometer was developed that is capable of measuring both the concentrations of oil in refrigerants, and the concentrations of aqueous coolant brines. A description of the technique, and example data are presented for R-134a/PAG oil, aqueous ethylene glycol, and aqueous propylene glycol solutions. The R-134a/PAG oil sensor data show a measurement sensitivity of less than 0.1% oil in the refrigerant, although error between data sets shows an uncertainty of approximately ±0.8%. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol data show high signal level variations due to the large variation of the index of refraction between water and the glycols.

Wind Shadow Model for Air Infiltration Sheltering by Upwind Obstacles (4046)
Iain S. Walker, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, D. J. Wilson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada, T.W. Forest, Ph.D., Member, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
A wind shadow model has been developed to calculate the wind sheltering effects of upwind obstacles for air infiltration calculations. This effect must be determined for infiltration calculations because, in almost all situations, only the unobstructed mean wind speed is known for a building site. This model has adapted the theoretical calculation procedures developed for far wake centerline velocity deficit calculations to near field flows, where shelter has a significant effect. The model uses the concept of a wind shadow projected downstream by upwind buildings to determine the effect of wake velocity reduction on building surfaces. The effectiveness of this model in accounting for sheltering effects in infiltration calculations has been examined by comparing infiltration model predictions including the wind shadow model to measured data from a row of test houses.

Tuesday
January 28, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-13
Room: 113A
Testing Results for Advanced Combustion Systems
Sponsor: 06.10, Fuels and Combustion
Chair: Raymond Albrecht, P.E., Member, NYSERDA, Albany, New York
Liaison: Larry Degelman
This symposium will describe several research efforts related to advanced gas and oil-fired combustion systems. The papers will present the techniques used to measure and reduce emissions.

1. The Performance of Oil-Fired Boilers: The Influence of Fuel Sulfur on Emissions and Appliance Integrity
S. Win Lee, Ph.D., Member, CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. A Field Study of Combustion Air Intake Systems for Cold Climates
James D. Dale, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Mark Y. Ackerman, P.Eng., Member, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, David J. Wilson, P.Eng., Ph.D., Member, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, N. Patrick Fleming, Student Member, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

3. Development of a Low NOx Fire-Tube Boiler Based on Enhanced Flame Cooling
Zeljko Varga, Ph.D., Member, EMO-Energetika, Ltd., Sentjur, Slovenia, Peter Novak, Ph.D., Member, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

4. Residential Oil-Burners with Low Input and Two-Stage Firing
Thomas Butcher, Ph.D., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, Richard F. Krajewski, P.E., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, Richard W. Leigh, Ph.D., P.E., Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, Yusuf Celebi, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, Leonard Fisher, Consultant, Colrain, Massachusetts, Bola Kamath, Ph.D., Heat Wise Inc., Ridge, New York

Seminar 28
Room: 113B
Industrial Ventilation - Case Study
Sponsor: 05.08, Industrial Ventilation
Chair: Vit Shah, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois
Liaison: James Buckley
An effective ventilation system in an industrial environment is becoming a mandatory requirement for employee health and for the production of a quality product. The system must adapt to a changing environment without interfering with the manufacturing process itself. This seminar presents detail of design, installation and effectiveness of an installed ventilation system in a varied industrial environment.

1. Hazardous Fume Removal at the Work Station Environment
Ted Bartman, P.E., Associate Member, Abbott Park, Illinois

2. Industrial Ventilation - Experiences in Automative Manufacturing
Alfred Woody, P.E., Member, Giffels Associates Inc., Southfield, Michigan

3. Storm Proof Architectural Louvers - A Myth or Reality?
Noel Shepard, P.E., Member, Black & Veatch, Overland Park, Kansas

4. Displacement System Retrofit - Case Study
Elliott Gorden, P.E., Member, Halton Company, Broadview Heights, Ohio

Seminar 29
Room: Lecture Hall
CFC and HCFC Availability - An International Perspective on Production, Retrofit, Recycling, & Stock Piling to Satisfy Demand
Sponsor: TG2.GCC, Global Climate Change
Chair:Harold Lamb, P.E., Member, Elf Atochem, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Liaison: Lee Burgett
The Montreal Protocol regulates CFCs and HCFCs differently in developed countries as opposed to less developed countries. In addition, individual countries, both developed and less developed, have adopted policies to comply with the Protocol that implement the protocol in different ways. This difference in regulations has caused the CFC and HCFC - dependent heating, refrigerating, and air-conditioning industries to respond differently depending upon pertinent local regulations and policies. This seminar will examine what is being done in Canada, Europe, and Mexico to satisfy the demand for CFCs and HCFCs as refrigerants.

1. European Overview of CFC and HCFC Availability
Claude Brian, DEHON S.A., Vincennes Cedex, France

2. Satisfying the Demand for CFCs in Canada
Pat Fasulo, Totaline of Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

3. Mexican Government's Policy on CFC Phase Out and What the Industry in Mexico is Doing to Transition Away from CFCs (Supermarket Application)
Ruben Marchand, Member, Gigante S.A. de C.V., Granada CP, Mexico

Seminar 30
Room: 109
DHC and Cogeneration Systems Maintenance, Repairs, Renovation, Replacement and Longevity
Sponsor: 06.02, District Heating and Cooling; 09.05, Cogeneration Systems
Chair:Eino Kainlauri, Ph.D., Member, , Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
District heating and cooling as well as cogeneration systems perform best when well maintained. Repairs, renovations and replacements must be made at proper times and to meet changing conditions and improved designs for planned longevity.

1. Improving Cogeneration Plant Performance Through Effective Maintenance Strategies
Salman M. Sheikh, Fossil Consulting Services, Inc., Columbia, Maryland

2. District Cooling and Cogeneration
Jerry A. Schuett, P.E., Member, Affiliated Engineers, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin

3. Correcting Inefficient Use of Low Pressure Steam Produced by Cogeneration Systems via Hot Water Thermal Storage and Other Steam System Modifications
Craig Pals, Member, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California

4. Proposed Renovation of a District Cooling Plant to Optimize the Existing Distribution System and Increase Production Capacity
Steven M. Tredinnick, P.E., Member, Kattner/FVB District Energy Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota

5. District Energy As An Agent Of Climate Change: The Experience in Europe and the Potential In America
Robert E. McCabe, P.E., Member, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Morris A. Pierce, Ph.D., University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, B. Jeffrey Price, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Seminar 31
Room: 108B
Energy Conservation In Industrial Facilities
Sponsor: 09.02, Industrial Air Conditioning
Chair:George Sestak, P.E., Member, Zeneca, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The utility industry, in its effort to meet the growing demands for energy, are offering a wide range of incentives to their commercial and industrial customers to reduce energy consumption. This activity coupled with the competitive world market to produce product at the lowest price should rekindle our awareness for the need for energy conservation. Therefore, it is the purpose of this seminar to present a series of energy conserving ideas to the membership.

1. Using the Heat from a Thermal Oxidizer to Heat a Process Oven in a Conditioned Area
Vinod P. Gupta, P.E., Member, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota

2. Calculating the Economics of Energy-Efficient Measures
Helen J. Kessler , Sieben Energy Associates, Ltd., Chicago, Illinois

3. Process System Improvements Through Energy Conservation Projects
Candace B. Martin, P.E., Gillette, Andover, Massachusetts

4. Flexible 4500-Ton Cooling Facility Serves Multiple Dynamometer Loads
Milton Meckler, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Meckler Group, Encino, California

5. Common Mistakes Made During Industrial Energy Efficiency Projects and How to Avoid Them
Jay I. Stein, Member, E-Cube, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

Seminar 32
Room: 111
The Attraction and Retention of Young Members, Women and Engineers of Minority Background in ASHRAE
Sponsor: Membership Promotion Committee
Chair:Richard H. Rooley, F. Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, Rooley Consultants, Stoke Poges, Bucks, United Kingdom
Liaison: Filza Hassan
Engineers who are young, women or from a minority background are under-represented at all levels of the Society. Grassroots action is required to recognize the needs of these groups and to take action to encourage participation in technical and membership activities. The panel discussion will be led by speakers with experience from their own membership to guide the Society and individual engineers.

1. The Young
Filza Hassan, Member, Ghafari Associates, Inc., Dearborn, MI

2. The Minorities
T. Minh Tran, P.E., Member, Piedmont Natural Gas, Charlotte, North Carolina

3. The Women
Lynn G Bellenger, P.E., Member, The Sear-Brown Group, Rochester, New York

4. What ASHRAE is Doing
E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., Member, HLW International UP, New York, New York

Forum 27
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 107B
Pros and Cons of Low Head Vs. Heat Reclaim
Sponsor: 10.07, Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
Moderator: Fayez Ibrahim, P.E., Member, Kysor/Bangor, South Bend, Indiana
Liaison: James Norman
Floating head pressure is the state of the art in the supermarket industry. Low head pressure can float down to 50 degrees F condensing temperature. In the heating season, heat recovery is a concept where the store uses the heat of rejection from the condensing unit to heat the store, which will require raising the head pressure to over 90 degree F, thus raising energy use. In addition to the initial cost of the heat recovery coil and piping, the store owner and operator have to decide whether this method is still cost effective, or simply use the standard method of heating and take advantage of ultra low head pressure.

Forum 28
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 105B
What Changes Are Needed to Standard 103-Furnace and Boiler AFUE Test Procedure?
Sponsor: 06.03, Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems
Moderator: Frank Jakob, P.E., Member, Battelle Columbus, Columbus, Ohio
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
Standard 103-1982 is referenced in the Federal test procedures for furnaces and boilers. Plans call for DOE to change that to Standard 10-1993. ASHRAE's revision cycle for standards, however, calls for withdrawal, reaffirmation, or revision every 5 years. As such, recommendation for forming a subcommittee to revise 103-1993 has been submitted based on suggested revisions already submitted to ASHRAE. This forum will provide the opportunity to discuss where Standard 103 stands relative to federally mandated procedures. ASHRAE member s will have the chance to comment on and suggest changes that will be passed on to the standards project committee formed to revise 103-1993.

Forum 29
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 107B
Should A Task Group Be Formed to Address Water Flow Problems of Large Buildings?
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: Charles G. Arnold, P.E., Member, Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska
Liaison: James Norman
This forum should reveal the beliefs of interested people as to the development of a task group to evaluate the need for a TG or TC to be responsible for the design and operation of a chilled, hot, and condenser water system in large buildings. Present technical committees such as TC 06.01 must look at all such water systems, including those for homes and commercial applications.

Forum 30
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 105B
Storage Water Heating - Who Is Doing It? What is Needed?
Sponsor: 06.06, Service Water Heating
Moderator: John Richardson, P.E., Member, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Chatanooga, Tennessee
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
Storage water heating allows the shifting of peak water heating energy to non-peak periods. Typically this requires a combination of a larger storage tank and a higher storage temperature for additional capacity. This can necessitate additional hardware and controls. This forum will identify future research needs for storage water heating applications, with the discussion focusing on who, what and why of current codes and standards.

Tuesday
January 28, 1997
1:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m.

ASHRAE Public Session
Room: Lecture Hall
What You Need to Know About the Deregulation of Electric Power
Chair: Jim Pierobon, Potomac Communications Group, Washington, D.C.
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Liaison: Debra Catanese

Wednesday
January 29, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8:00 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-14
Room: 108B
Modeling of Radiative - Convective Hybrid Thermal Comfort Systems
Sponsor: 06.05, Radiant Space Heating and Cooling
Chair: Kirby Chapman, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
Liaison: Charles McDowell
This symposium addresses the problem of designing thermal comfort systems that include radiative and convective components. This broad topic includes papers on comfort analysis, heating/cooling system control, and energy.

1. Numerical Study of Thermostat Setpoint Profiles for Floor Radiant Heating and the Effect of Thermal Mass
Andreas K. Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Associate Member, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Tingyao Chen, Student Member, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

2. Implementation of a Radiant Heating and Cooling Model into an Integrated Energy Analysis Program
Richard K. Strand, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Curtis O. Pedersen, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

3. Thermal Comfort Analysis Using BCAP for Retro-fitting a Radiantly Heated Residence
Kirby S. Chapman, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Jeanne M. DeGreef, Student Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Richard D. Watson, Member, SSHC, Old Saybrook, Connecticut

4. Temperature Regulation of Radiant Floor Heating Systems Using Two-Parameter On-Off Control: An Experimental Study
Sung-Hwan Cho, Ph.D, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Taejon, South Korea, Mohammed Zaheer-Uddin, Ph.D., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

Seminar 33
Room: Lecture Hall
Acceptability of Alternative Refrigerants and Lubricants
Sponsor: 03.02, Refrigerant System Chemistry, 03.03, Refrigerant Contaminant, 03.04, Lubrication
Chair:Glenn Hourahan, P.E., Member, ARI, Arlington, Virginia
Liaison: Lee Burgett
A number of differing issues have recently been investigated to assist in determining the acceptability of alternative refrigerants and lubricants in new applications. A common theme is to assess the impact that alternative refrigerant-lubricant pairs may have on system performance and reliability. This session will summarize recent advancements in lubricant selection, examine the influence of miscible/immiscible refrigerant-lubricant combinations on oil return, discuss the effect of system contaminants on component reliability, and provide information on refrigerant-lubricant foaming characteristics.

1. Lubricants for Refrigeration Compressors: Recent Developments and Opportunities
Hans Spauschus, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Spauschus Associates, Stockbridge, Georgia

2. Study of Lubricant Circulation in HVAC Systems with HFCs, POEs and Mineral Oils
Frank R. Biancardi, Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut

3. Selected Contaminants in AC&R Systems: Part II
Richard C. Cavestri, Ph.D., Member, Imagination Resources Inc., Dublin, Ohio

4. Foaming Characteristics of Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures
D. Yogi Goswami, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, D. O. Shah, Ph.D., Member, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Seminar 34
Room: 113B
Calibration of DOE-2 Results Using Monitored Energy Use Data
Sponsor: 09.06, Systems Energy Utilization
Chair:Taghi Aleraza, P.E., Member, ADM Associates, Sacramento, California
Liaison: Robert Suggs
The assessment of energy conservation potential in buildings requires the establishment of the base end-use consumption. Normally, the base end-use consumption is determined by computer simulation of the buildings. DOE-2 is the most widely used program for energy simulation. However, in order to validate or improve the results of the DOE-2 simulations, monitored whole-building load or end-use consumption data are used to inform the inputs to DOE-2 or statistically adjust the results to reflect reality. The purpose of this seminar is to present different approaches for utilization of whole building load or end-use data for calibration of DOE-2 results.

1. Procedures for Calibrating Hourly Simulation Models to Measured Building Energy and Environmental Data
Jeff S. Haberl, Ph.D., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

2. Using Data Visualization Tools for the Calibration of Hourly DOE-2.1 Simulations
James A. McCray, Member, RLW Analytics, Inc., Sonoma, California

3. Calibration Building Energy Simulation Models with Short-Term Measurements
Peter C. Jacobs, P.E., Member, Architectural Energy Corp., Boulder, Colorado

Seminar 35
Room: 111
Design and Cost Analysis of Ground Source Heat Pumps
Sponsor: 06.08, Geothermal Energy Utilization
Chair: George C. Penn, Member, Global Energy Options, Madison, Wisconsin
Liaison: Sally McInerny
This seminar will address issues surrounding the proper design and cost of ground source heat pump systems. One presentation will cover pumping system control options. Other papers will provide information on practical applications considering the design parameters and costs of instillation for these systems. Both residential and commercial installed systems will be presented.

1. Pump Control Options for Ground Coupled Heat Pumps
Steven P. Kavanaugh, Member, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama

2. Field Performance of Residential GHPs in Texas and Michigan
William H. Sullivan, Ph.D., Member, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico

3. A Perfect "10": Ground Source Heat Pumps and the "American Bandstand" Studio
Harvey M. Sachs, Member, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Washington, D.C., John Daniel, PECO Energy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Della Clark, Philadelphia Enterprise Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

4. Case Studies on C&I GSHP Applications in New Jersey
Spencer Morasch, Member, GPU Energy, Allenhurst, New Jersey

5. Diverse Geothermal Applications in Southern New Jersey
Gustav Foster, Jr., P.E., Atlantic Electric, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey

Seminar 36
Room: 113C
Application of Standard 62 to VAV Systems
Sponsor: 04.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Grenville K. Yuill, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
Liaison: Ron Howell
The "Ventilation Rate Procedure" of ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 specifies the amounts of outdoor air to be delivered to spaces within a building, depending on the uses of those spaces. The problem is much more complicated in VAV systems, where the supply air flow rate to a room changes with the cooling load. Another problem in VAV systems is the control of the outdoor air flow rate when the supply air flow rate is changing. The papers in this seminar will provide guidance in solving these problems. They will also consider the impact of the proposed revisions to the standard which underwent public review in the Fall of 1996.

1. Requirements for VAV System Design and Control in Standard 62-1989 and Standard 62-R
Steve Taylor, P.E., Member, Taylor Engineering, Oakland, California

2. Ventilation Calculation for Minimum Energy Use: The 10 Minute Solution
David Warden, P. Eng., Member, E&M Consultants, Inc., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

3. Reset Strategy for Proper VAV System Ventilation
Dennis A. Stanke, Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin

Seminar 37
Room: 113A
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Cleanroom Case Studies
Sponsor: TC 09.1, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems, TG9 Clean Spaces
Chair: Mel Crichton, P.E., Member, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
Liaison: >Art Hallstrom
Case histories of qualifying and operating pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, including design considerations and regulatory expectations, are presented in this seminar.

1. Three Dimensional Duct Design for a Vaccine Manufacturing Facility
Michael Joseph, P.E., Member, Merck & Co. Inc., White House Station, New Jersey

2. What the FDA Investigator Looks for in a Pharmaceutical HVAC System
Paul N. D'Eramo, Food and Drug Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

3. A Class 10,000 PCR Facility for Product Development
John Cocco, P.E., Member, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania

4. Renovation of a Class 100,000 Tabletting Clean Room with a Critical Project Delivery Date
E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., Member, HLW International, New York, New York

5. Automated Room Pressure Control and Monitoring for an Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facility
Joseph A. Marrs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana

Seminar 38
Room: 105
Snow Melting Systems: Fundamentals and Applications
Sponsor: 06.01, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
Chair: Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Member, Heatway, Springfield, Missouri
Liaison: James Norman
Accurate and realistic determination of the snow melting load and a precise design including controls strongly affect the success of a snow melting system with respect to a given performance level. It is quite difficult to experimentally simulate and generate a realistic snow fall/snow melt scenario and design data. Therefore, determination of the snow melting load strongly relies on the accuracy, frequency and the manipulation technique of the available meteorological data. How realistic, comprehensive, and accurate are these loads and the definition of classes? This seminar will primarily concentrate on questions, prediction and design oriented issues, and reports on field practice. It will identify criteria for selecting locations outside the United States, recently reported research and suggestions for future research topics in order to improve the ASHRAE guidelines on snow melting.

1. Energy Requirements of Snowmelting Systems
William P. Chapman, P.E., Presidential Member, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

2. Snow Melting Systems Performance with Non Metallic Piping
Lawrence Chenault, P.E., Member, HUME Snow Melting Systems, Royal Oak, Michigan

3. Control of Snow Melting Systems
Don R. Gibbs, Member, Tekmar Control Systems, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada

4. Snow Melt Systems - Theory and Application
Michael Lundquist, Associate Member, Lundquist Sales-Hydrospan, Salt Lake City, Utah

Seminar 39
Room: 109
The Commissioning of HVAC Systems for Laboratories that Handle Bio-Hazardous or Chemical-Hazardous Materials
Sponsor: 09.09, Building Commissioning; 9.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Kathleen Radke, Member, Honeywell Technology Center, Plymouth, Minnesota
Liaison: James Buckley
This seminar addresses the special needs and considerations for the commissioning of HVAC systems laboratories that involve the handling of biological or chemical hazardous materials. Several case study results for new construction and retrofit installations are described. The seminar also reinforces the importance of using applicable guidelines and standards for performing commissioning of laboratory systems.

1. Commissioning of a BL-2 Vaccine Production Facility
Peter B. Gardner, P.E., Member, Torcon, Westfield, New Jersey

2. Commissioning a HVAC System for a Pharmaceutical Potent Compound Suite
Henry J. Vance, P.E., Member, Vance Professional Services, Wilmington, Delaware

3. Commissioning Laboratory Fume Hoods Using the ASHRAE 110 Method
Dale Hitchings, P.E., Member, Hitchings Associates, P.C., Indianapolis, Indiana

4. Lessons Learned from a Commissioning Biomedical Research Laboratory
Rodney H. Lewis, P.E., Member, Rodney H. Lewis Associates, Houston, Texas

5. Using Average Face Velocity as a Criteria for the Commissioning of Fume Hoods - Part I
Thomas C. Smith, Member, Exposure Control Technology Inc., Cary, North Carolina

6. Using Average Face Velocity as a Criteria for the Commissioning of Fume Hoods - Part II
Ed Burt, Member, Honeywell, Inc., Westfield, New Jersey

Forum 31
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
What You Need to Know About the Deregulation of Electric Power -- An Unregulated Discussion
Sponsor: 01.09, Electrical Systems; 01.08, Owning and Operating Costs
Moderator: Kirk M. Bond, Member, U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City, Missouri
Liaison: Larry Markel
Competition, deregulation, open access - energy users have more choices and therefore more decisions. An energy manager has new options to decrease costs and/or obtain better services (energy engineering assistance, power quality, back-up energy sources) from energy providers. Co-generation, fuel switching, use of energy brokers and spot markets offer new opportunities, but have associated risks and requirements for the end user. What if your energy broker suddenly can't honor his supply contract? What if a condition of lower prices is allowing the utility to interrupt service- can you reschedule your energy use? These issues will be raised in the Public Session. In this forum, you will have an opportunity to continue to discuss the questions raised in the Public Session, and ASHRAE's role in addressing them.

Forum 32
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 110 A/B
How Can User Interfaces for HVAC Software Be Improved
Sponsor: 01.05, Computer Applications
Moderator: Vernon W. Peppers, P.E., Member, Peppers Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
The interface between computer program and user is the factor that determines most whether the particular program is liked and used or not. What aspects make a good user interface for HVAC software? What can be done to make HVAC programs more "user-friendly"? What makes a bad interface? How can we get software publishers to change their interfaces? Bring samples of good and bad interfaces.

Forum 33
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
How Will Deregulation of Electricity Impact Energy Recovery Ventilation?
Sponsor: 05.05, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Moderator: Lawrence C. Hoagland, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Airxchange Inc., Rockland, Massachusetts
Liaison: Larry Markel
The coming deregulation of electric utilities is already shrinking marketing and demand side management programs, eliminating many utility rebates for installation of energy conservation equipment. Will these developments impact the installation of ventilation energy recovery equipment? Have DSM Programs been a factor influencing the specification and purchase of ERVs? How much did DSM programs impact use of ERVs? Will the shift from utility DSM programs to "Shared Savings Programs" and to "Custom Energy Programs" by private companies actually help promote ERV installation? What information/tools could these programs require in order to better utilize the ERV "resource"? This forum will stimulate a discussion of these issues at a time when utility deregulation is just being launched.

Forum 34
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 110 A/B
The Digital Olf
Sponsor: 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Moderator: Brian Krafthefer, P.E., Member, Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
The Olf and Decipol are currently subjective measurements made by an experienced panel to determine the odor levels in a building and the generation rates of those odors. Under consideration is the incorporation of these subjective levels into standards on odor. One missing piece of information is how these subjective measurements relate to the quantitative chemical measurements made in the space. Since the chemical nature of the gas or vapor causing the odor can be better related to the emission from materials and other odor generators within the space, it would help if there were a quantitative link between these two measurement capabilities. Will the subjective measurements alone be enough for solving IAQ problems in buildings or should there be a link to quantitative measurements also? To obtain this quantification, extensive measurements need to be made with highly sensitive equipment for the chemical nature of gases and vapors within the space as well as the chemical nature of particles. Should we be starting the steps to the electronic nose?

Wednesday
January 29, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-15
Room: 113B
High Performance Buildings and Solar Energy Use
Sponsor: 06.07, Solar Energy Utilization
Chair: Marija Todorovic, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Liaison: Debra Catanese
This symposium provides a state-of-the-art review of international developments in the use of solar energy in high performance buildings for residential and commercial applications. Two papers from Japan present the simulated performance of separate low energy residential houses that utilize solar energy for heating and cooling. A third paper from Greece reports on the progress of a recent European research project on passive solar cooling that was sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities.

1. Development of a Residence with Solar Heating, Earth Cooling and Air Circulation (4044)
Qingyuan Zhang, Ph.D., Tsukuba College of Technology, Tsukuba, Japan, Osamu Ishihara, Ph.D., Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, Tetsuo Hayashi, Ph.D., Kyushu University, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka-ken, Japan

2. Developments on Passive Cooling in Buildings - Results from Recent Research
Matheos Santamouris, Ph.D., University of Athens, Athens, Greece, Athanassios A. Argiriou, Ph.D., IMPAE - National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece, Constantinos A. Balaras, Ph. D., Associate Member, IMPAE-National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece

3. Optimization of Energy Use for Advanced Solar Houses
Mitsuhiro Udagawa, Dr. Eng., Member, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan, Ken-ichi Kimura, Dr. Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Symposium PH-97-16
Room: 113A
Where Simulation Stops: Calculation Tools to Assist in Predicting Window Performance
Sponsor: 04.05, Fenestration
Chair: Simon Van Wonderen, P.E., Ortech Corporation, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Liaison: Larry Degelman
This symposium goes beyond the traditional approach of applying simulation to predicting window energy performance. The first paper uses a general puppies fluid flow and heat transfer finite element analysis program to predict multicellular flow patterns in high aspect cavities, such as IGUs. The second paper presents a simplified approach to determining size-specific U-factor and SHGC values. It is aimed at extending the usefulness of data produced by measurement or simulation for a fixed size of window, allowing building energy computer simulations to incorporate actual window sizes accurately. The last paper presents further results of a novel approach to predicting SHGC values for complex fenestrations. Based on measured properties and calculation scheme, solar heat gain coefficients for a venetian blind window are investigated, and the paper discusses the implication of the results on practical determination of SHG loads.

1. Prediction of the Multicellular Flow Regime of Natural Convection in Fenestration Glazing Cavities
Yie Zhao, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, Dragan Curcija, Ph.D., Member, Carli, Inc., Amherst, Massachusetts, William P. Goss, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts

2. Determination of Size-Specific U-Factors and Solar Heat Gain Coefficients from Rated Values at Established Sizes - A Simplified Approach
Jeff Baker, P.E., WestLab, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Roger Henry, Ph.D., Member, CANMET/Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of Complex Fenestrations With a Venetian Blind for Differing Slat Tilt Angles
Joseph Klems, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, Jeffrey Warner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California

Seminar 40
Room: 109
CFD for Ph.D.s and Other Dummies
Sponsor: 04.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling
Chair: Charles Gaston, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Penn State York Campus, York, Pennsylvania
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Many researchers, engineers and designers in ASHRAE-related fields could benefit from employing computational fluid dynamics; however, they may doubt that the cost and effort are worth the benefits, and they may be unsure how to get started. The intent of this seminar is to educate such potential users about some of the basics, options, capabilities and requirements of CFD.

1. Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics
Douglas T. Reindl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

2. What Can CFD Do for the HVAC Engineer?
Ronald L. Linton, Ph.D., P.E., PHOENICS North America, Atlanta, Georgia

3. CFC for Designers - What is Important and Why
Eric Adams, Ph.D., Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut

4. Selecting CFD Software, with Computing Resources Considered
Narayan Behera, Ph.D., Numeritec Corporation, Lebanon, New Hampshire

Seminar 41
Room: 108B
Emissions Performance and Standards for Heating Equipment
Sponsor: 06.10, Fuels and Combustion
Chair: Thomas A.Butcher, Ph.D., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
Liaison: Larry Markel
Environment issues are leading to the development of regulations that limit nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from heating equipment. Advanced heating technologies have begun to serve an important role in reducing smog in metropolitan areas. This seminar will describe several recent development efforts related to advanced combustion technologies and recent regulatory trends which may have important implications for those responsible for the design, specification, and operation of heating equipment.

1. A Novel Research Initiative on Particulate Measurement Source Signature Profiles of Fine Particulate Matter from a Commercial Oil-Fired Boiler
S. Win Lee, Ph.D., Member, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. Predicted Effects of Air Infiltration on the Performance of Masonry Chimneys
Richard Krajewski, P.E., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York

3. High Modulation, Low Emission Ceramic Burners
Truett Sweeting, Hi-Tech Ceramics, Alfred, New York

4. Future Emission Standards
Dean E. Van Orden, Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

5. An Overview of Carbon Monoxide Generation and Release by Home Appliances
John Batey, P.E., Energy Research Center, Inc., Easton, Connecticut

Seminar 42
Room: Lecture Hall
I Can't Hear to Think! - Troubleshooting HVAC Noise/Vibration Problems - Case Histories
Sponsor: 02.06, Sound and Vibration Control
Chair: Robert Simmons, P.E., Member, Amber/Booth, Houston, Texas
Liaison: Sally McInerny
Perhaps everyone has encountered a situation where disturbing noise and/or vibration make it difficult to conduct business, work or lecture. Older buildings, formerly considered acoustically acceptable may now be unacceptable as tenants' expectations increase or a change in the occupancy usage requires a quieter environment. Newer buildings use lighter materials which can result in more noise and vibration transmission than expected. Sometimes an owner makes an unexpected addition to a building without considering noise and vibration issues and unacceptable acoustical environment becomes apparent only after completion. The occupant is faced with the choice of thermal comfort or acoustical comfort. This situation is unacceptable to both owners and occupants. This seminar will teach attendees guidelines for narrowing down the source of the problem. It will explain how to determine different types of problems - vibration or acoustic. Real life problems and their successful fixes will be discussed.

1. Guidelines for Troubleshooting HVAC Noise and Vibration Problems
Jerry Lilly, P.E., Member, JGL Acoustics, Inc., Kirkland, Washington

2. Custom Silencers for Corrective HVAC Problems
Kevin C. Miller, Miller Henning Assoc., McLean, Virginia, Martin J. Beam, Associate Member, Miller Henning Assoc., McLean, Virginia

3. Teleconference Room - Case History
Howard Kingsbury, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, State College, Pennsylvania

4. Out of the Ordinary Concerns - War Stories
Tony Hoover, Cavanaugh & Tocci Assoc., Sudbry, Massachusetts

Seminar 43
Room: 111
Multimedia Approaches to Documentation of O&M Procedures
Sponsor: 01.07, Operation and Maintenance Management
Chair: Tom Tamblyn, P.E., Engineering Interface Limited, North York, Ontario, Canada
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Documentation of operation and maintenance procedures is critical to good indoor air quality and efficient building performance. Advances in information technology have created new opportunities to link building design and commissioning with operations. The seminar will explore multimedia approaches to documentation. The four approaches discussed are: interoperability standards for design software; video technology and application; data structures and documentation for maintenance; and integration of CD ROM documentation with building automation systems.

1. Integration of CD ROM with Building Automation Documentation
Tom Tamblyn, P.E., Member, Engineering Interface Ltd., North York, Ontario, Canada

2. Video for Documentation and Training
Len Bihler, P.E., Life Member, B&A Engineering,Ltd., Chicago, Illinois

3. Maintenance Management Documentation - New Directions
Bob W. Mutch, Megamation, Oakville, Ontario, Canada

4. Interoperable Software Tools for Documentation
Scott E. Frank, M. Eng., Member, Jaros & Bolles Consulting Engineers, New York, New York

Seminar 44
Room: 113C
Performance Issues of Alternative Refrigerants & Lubricants: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication & Desiccants
Sponsor: 03.02, Refrigerant System Chemistry; 03.03, Refrigerant Contamination Control
Chair: Robert Doerr, Ph.D., Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Liaison: Lee Burgett
The seminar will explore performance issues of the alternative refrigerants and lubricants with the emphasis on the desiccants and elastohydrodynamic lubrication. There will be two papers on the use of desiccants, one on the effect of desiccants on the stability of POE lubricants and one on elastrohydrodynamic lubrication of refrigeration oils.

1. Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Properties of Refrigeration Oils
Selda Gunsel, Ph.D., Pennzoil Products Co., The Woodlands, Texas

2. The Interaction of Solid Phase Adsorbents with an Ester Lubricant
Richard Cavestri, Ph.D., Member, Imagination Resources, Dublin, Ohio

3. Drying R-407C and R-410A Refrigerant blends with Molecular Sieve Desiccants
Alan P. Cohen, Member, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois

4. Effects of Production Facility Environments on Moisture Adsorption in Molecular Sieve Dryers
Danny M. Halel, Parker Hannifin, Greenfield, Tennessee

5. Evaluation of Refrigerant Oils for R410A (R407C)
Susumu Hiodoshi, Member, Daikin Industries Ltd., Sakai - Osaka, Japan

Seminar 45
Room: 105B
Topics in Air to Air Energy Recovery
Sponsor: 05.05, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Chair: Kirk Mescher, P.E., Associate Member, CM Engineering, Columbia, Missouri
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
Various applications of energy recovery technology are discussed. The presentation of design, installation and operational experiences with various forms of air to air energy recovery systems will aid the practitioner in applying energy recovery techniques. The topics are wide ranging, however, methods of complying with ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 for ventilation and indoor air quality without oversizing the mechanical system and paying for it in operational costs lay at the foundation of each speaker's talk.

1. Portable Classroom Study - Improving Energy Efficiency through Heat Recovery Ventilation and Thermal Energy Storage
Gord Cooke, P.E., Member, Venmar Ventilation, Saskatoon, Saskatchwan, Canada

2. Total Energy Recovery Wheels in Office Buildings
Michael Boles, P.E., Member, SEMCO, Columbia, Missouri

3. Performance Experiences with Air to Air Energy in a Southern Climate Dormitory
Ben Elkin, P.E., Member, Berry College, Mt. Berry, Georgia

4. Research Findings on the Performance of Air to Air Energy Recovery Systems
Robert Besant, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Forum 35
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 110 A/B
Ambient Air and Workplace Standards for Particulates
Sponsor: 02.04, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment
Moderator: Larry C. Holcomb, Ph.D., Member , Holcomb Environmental Services, Olivet, Michigan
Liaison: James Norman
Particulates are of concern for possible health and comfort effects. Standards have been produced by cognizant authorities. Use of these standards for indoor air quality as well as possible changes in these standards will be discussed.

Forum 36
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 107B
Candidate Labels for EPAct - Covered Commercial HVAC & Water-Heating Equipment
Sponsor: 06.06, Service Water Heating
Moderator: Cyrus Nasscri, P.E., Member, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
Liaison: Ron Howell
DOE is under legislative mandate to develop labeling rules for small and large commercial package HVAC and water heating equipment. DOE is seeking industry input and direction for this effort. The forum will provide a foundation to help DOE meet the labeling mandate. It will allow participants an opportunity to openly discuss how the labels should be worded, along with discussion as to its potential impacts.

Forum 37
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 110 A/B
Experiences with Testing & Set-up of Biological Safety Cabinets
Sponsor: 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Moderator: George Sestak, P.E., Member, Zeneca, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware
Liaison: James Norman
At the San Antonio meeting, individuals raised several concerns related to the testing and set-up procedures currently used for biological safety cabinets. These concerns relate to the procedures specified by the National Sanitation Foundation in their Standard 49. The purpose of the forum is to establish the extent of concerns and develop a basis for suggesting modification to the procedures currently in use.

Forum 38
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 107B
Testing Standards for Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers
Sponsor: 07.01, Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers
Moderator: J. Benjamin Horvay, P.E., Life Member and Fellow, Isle of Palms, South Carolina
Liaison: Ron Howell
The following are the more significant testing standards that apply to domestic refrigerators and freezers in various parts of the world in the determination of energy consumption: International Standards, American National Standards, Japanese Industrial Standards, Chinese National Standards, and Australian-New Zealand Standards. What are the most significant features of each of these standards? Do any of these standards provide a truer reflection of the energy consumption of a refrigerator in the home than others? Do more demanding standards result in better products? Is the lack of a single standard damaging to the export of refrigerators? Should ASHRAE assume a leadership role in the effort to establish a worldwide standard? These and related subjects will be discussed at the forum.