COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Preparedness Resources

Message from ASHRAE President Darryl Boyce

Like all businesses around the globe, ASHRAE must react to the ongoing threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the Society determines how to respond to the evolving circumstances, our highest priority is the safety and welfare of our volunteers and staff. ASHRAE recently announced the creation of the ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force to help deploy ASHRAE's technical resources to address the challenges of the current pandemic and future epidemics as it relates to the effects of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems on disease transmission in healthcare facilities, the workplace, home, public and recreational environments.

Members will be kept informed as ASHRAE adapts to these rapidly changing circumstances. We hope that you and your families are healthy, safe and secure.

Sincerely,

Darryl K. Boyce, P.Eng., 2019-20 ASHRAE President

ASHRAE leadership has approved the following two statements regarding transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the operation of HVAC systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the air is sufficiently likely that airborne exposure to the virus should be controlled. Changes to building operations, including the operation of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, can reduce airborne exposures. Ventilation and filtration provided by heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems can reduce the airborne concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and thus the risk of transmission through the air. Unconditioned spaces can cause thermal stress to people that may be directly life threatening and that may also lower resistance to infection. In general, disabling of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems is not a recommended measure to reduce the transmission of the virus. En Español

 

NEW ASHRAE Position Document on Infectious Aerosols On April 14, 2020, the ASHRAE Board of Directors approved the ASHRAE Position Document on Infectious Aerosols. This position document replaces the ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases. This position document outlines ASHRAE's position that facilities of all types should follow, as a minimum, the latest published standards and guidelines and good engineering practice. Based on risk assessments or owner project requirements, designers of new and existing facilities could go beyond the minimum requirements of these standards, using techniques covered in various ASHRAE publications, including the ASHRAE Handbook volumes, Research Project final reports, papers and articles, and design guides, to be even better prepared to control the dissemination of infectious aerosols. ASHRAE Position Document on Infectious Aerosols En Español Em Português

 

NEW Environmental Health Emerging Issue Brief
Pandemic COVID-19 and Airborne Transmission

Does ASHRAE’s guidance agree with guidance from WHO and CDC
May 28, 2020

Guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), February 2020
Coronavirus Situation Summary

Guidance from World Health Organization (WHO):
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak
March 23, 2020 | ASHRAE Letter to WHO

Guidance from Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH):
COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus)

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Messages from ASHRAE

ASHRAE All Member Email Update
March 13, 2020 | ASHRAE All Member Email Update

ASHRAE Press Releases:
May 7, 2020 | ASHRAE Offers COVID-19 Building Readiness/Reopening Guidance
April 20, 2020 | ASHRAE Issues Statements on Relationship Between COVID-19 and HVAC in Buildings
April 20, 2020 | En Espanol
March 31, 2020 | ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force Established
February 27, 2020 | ASHRAE Resources Available to Address COVID-19 Concerns

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ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force Featured in Media

Washington Post | May 28, 2020
As Restaurants Reopen Here’s What You Should Know About Air Conditioning, Air Flow and the Coronavirus
Bill Bahnfleth

Engineered Systems | May 27, 2020
Accepting Airborne Transmission of SARS-COV-2: Our Greatest Fear and Greatest Opportunity
Stephanie Taylor

CBS Minnesota | May 18, 2020
Good Question: Can Air Conditioning Put Us At Risk For COVID-19?
Bill Bahnfleth

ACHR News | May 13, 2020
Maintaining Idle HVAC Systems During The Shutdown
Dennis Knight

Forbes India | May 8, 2020
Scientists Consider Indoor Ultraviolet Light to Zap Coronavirus in the Air
Bill Bahnfleth

The New York Times | May 7, 2020
Scientists Consider Indoor Ultraviolet Light to Zap Coronavirus in the Air
Bill Bahnfleth

Warehaus Speaker Series | May 2, 2020
Podcast
Bill Bahnfleth

Healthline | May 6, 2020
Can Air Conditioning Spread COVID-19? Probably Not
Bill Bahnfleth

ACHR News | May 4, 2020
HVAC Systems Should Be Checked Before Buildings Reopen, Due to COVID-19
Dennis Knight

April

March

Building Readiness | Schools and Universities

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Building Readiness                                                   REV 05/22/2020

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Building Readiness (PDF)

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General Information

• Building Readiness Intent
• Building Readiness Team

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Epidemic Conditions in Place (ECiP)

• Systems Evaluation
• Building Automation Systems (BAS)
• Increased Ventilation
• Ventilation Control
• Upgrading and Improving Filtration
• Energy Savings Considerations
• Exhaust Air Re-entrainment
• Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems Operation Considerations
• UVGI Systems
• Domestic Water Systems
• Maintenance Checks
• Shutdown a Building Temporarily-FAQ
• Systems Manual

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Post-Epidemic Conditions in Place (P-ECiP)

• Post-Epidemic Conditions in Place (P-ECIP)
• Re-starting a building-FAQ P-ECiP: Prior to Occupancy
• P-ECiP: Operational Considerations once Occupied
• P-ECiP: Ventilation
• P-ECiP: Filtration
• P-ECiP: Building Maintenance Program Checks
• P-ECiP: Systems Manual

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Schools and Universities | Return to Top                                                  REV 05/06/2020

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REOPENING SCHOOLS (PDF)

Free ASHRAE Course
June 16, 2020 | Re-Opening Our Schools: Activities and Recommendations

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Introduction

• Introduction

Determining Building Readiness

• Determining Building Readiness
• Summer Checklist for Fall Classes
• Startup Checklist for HVAC Systems Prior to Occupancy

Equipment & System Specific Checks

• Equipment & System Specific Checks & Verifications During Academic Year
• Cleaning & Air Flush
• Boilers
• Chilled, Hot & Condenser Water Systems
• Air Cooled Chillers
• Water Cooled Chillers
• Cooling Towers & Evaporative-Cooled Devices
• Steam Distribution Systems
• HVAC Water Distribution Systems
• Pumps
• Air Handling Units
• Roof Top Units
• Unitary & Single Zone Equipment

New/Modified Facility Design Recommendations

• New/Modified Facility Design Recommendations
• Introduction
• Designer Guidelines – General School
• Nurses Office – General Requirements

Filtration

• Filtration Upgrades
• Introduction
• Filtration Basics
• Filtration Target Level
• Information Gathering Stage
• Data Analysis & Review
• Implementation & Considerations

Healthcare | Residential | Commercial | Schools and Universities

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Healthcare                                                  REV 05/07/2020

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HEALTHCARE (PDF)

Background Context | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Modes of Transmission/Aerobiology
• ASHRAE Statements on Airborne Transmission
• CDC recommends Airborne Infection Isolation rooms for aerosol generating procedures (AGPs)
• Committing Airborne Infection Isolation rooms for use as inpatient rooms limits future flexibility. Work with clinical staff to establish use requirements.
• Cohorting – Cautions and current methods
• ASHRAE members have provided input on Disaster Planning and Emergency Management for Healthcare Facilities. Partner on your local professional engineering partners for input and guidance during this time.

Goals | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Do No Harm
• Protect Healthcare Workers, Family, and Visitors
• Protect Other Patients
• Empower people to make and carry out the best decision they can. 
• Work as a team – weigh competing concerns, define key areas, share the plan.
• Consider the type of HVAC system, the configuration, clinical needs, facility infrastructure capacity, and limited resources available.

Life Safety | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Confirm that power-consuming equipment is connected to the appropriate branch of the essential power system.
• Maintain Egress
• Consider defend-in-place plans and smoke compartments
• Increased facility oxygen use elevates risk of a fire spreading more rapidly
• First responder protection.
• Develop Interim Life Safety Measures as applicable

Suggested Approaches | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Passive Isolation
• Strategically utilize AII Rooms
• Airflow from Clean to Less Clean
• Increase Filtration Level if possible
• Eliminate recirculation or minimize to the extent possible
• Maintain relative humidity at 40-60%
• Deactivate or by-pass heat recovery wheels
• Improve/Consider Room Airflow Direction/Patterns
• Utilize portable ante rooms/vestibules with HEPA filtration
• Utilize UV light (see Facilities/Maintenance – Disinfection)
• Areas for non-Covid patients should still be treated with care because someone could be unknowingly infected.

Specific "How-to" and Unique Areas | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Layered approach for normal and small surge operations
• Source Control Options for patient beds
• Operating on COVID-19 positive patient
• Variable Air Volume Adjustments & Modification to economizer or reduced recirc.
• Cautions on Recirculating Room Units (Fan coils, induction units, etc.)
• 2-person patient rooms – creating or managing existing
• Use Operating rooms for inpatient rooms/temp ICU
• Emergency Department
• Warning on Older ICU units
• Transmission through the air in toilet rooms
• Provide areas for safely doffing PPE, such as shoe cover removal followed by "tacky matts" for personnel exiting an area.
• Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Surge Areas | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Initial Considerations
• Alternate Care Site Design Concepts
• Single patient room considerations vs. 2-patient rooms
• General Parameters for ACH, Temp, Filtration, and RH

Facilities/Maintenance | Return to Top of Healthcare

• PPE basics
• Filter changing
• Room turnover
• Verify performance of critical HVAC systems – airborne infection isolation rooms, Emergency Departments, etc.
• Disinfection: Normal, UV, VHP, Hypochlorous Acid
• See ASHRAE COVID-19 Filtration and Disinfection section for greater detail.
• Considering the possibility of being short-staffed in the future, run-test and re-fuel emergency generator system.
• Submit waivers as required to CMS for inspection, testing, and maintenance under Section 1135. ASHE Template.
• Check to be sure COVID-19 area AHU return air isn't being used to condition mechanical rooms.

Medical Gas/Vacuum Systems | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Demand for gasses in ICU rooms
• Demand for gasses in med-surg rooms and ORs
• Accommodating increased demand (flow) in fixed piping systems
• Impact of demand/consumption on existing gas systems
• Consider providing supplementary gas sources

Other | Return to Top of Healthcare

• Utilize make up air units or exhaust fans from other facilities (restaurants) that are currently shut down.
• Reduce # of rooms utilized off a single HVAC system to free up AHU capacity to achieve performance goals. 25 beds with desired airflow/temps better than 30 beds with airflow/temp deficiencies.
• Document the Action Plan and Alternations in Place

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Residential | Return to Top                                                  

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RESIDENTIAL (PDF)

General Guidance | Return to Top of Residential Section

• Introduction
• General Guidance applicable to all homes

Additional Guidance | Return to Top of Residential Section

• Additional guidance for homes with forced-air systems
• Additional guidance for multi-family homes
• Additional guidance for creating an isolation space
• Additional guidance for creating a protected space

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Commercial | Return to Top                                                  

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COMMERCIAL (PDF)

• General Recommendations
• Review of current operational practices
• Holistic view for owner/operator
• Pandemic preparedness plan
• Indoor and outdoor environment
• Review the space types
• Operate and maintain HVAC
• Air-Conditioning and Ventilation systems
• Exhaust systems
• Pressure Control
• Elevator Control
• BAS and Access Control Systems

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Schools and Universities | Return to Top                                                  REV 05/11/2020

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SCHOOLS (PDF)

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Reopening Schools and Universities Guidance

REOPENING SCHOOLS (PDF)

• View Guidance

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Information on SARS-CoV-2

• Definition
• Why Do Viruses and Diseases Have Different Names?
• COVID-19
• Where Did SARS-CoV-2 Come From?

Filtration / Disinfection

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Filtration / Disinfection                                                  REV 05/27/2020

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FILTRATION (PDF)

Background / Context

• Modes of Transmission
• ASHRAE Statements on Airborne Transmission
• Scientific Data & Literature

Facilities / Maintenance

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Basics
• HVAC System Maintenance and Filter Replacement
• Special Precautions

Air Filtration

• Mechanical Air Filters (MERV)
• High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters
• Electronic Air Filters (CADR)
• Gas-Phase Air Cleaners

Air Disinfection

• Ultraviolet Energy (UV-C)
• Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO)
• Bipolar Ionization/Corona Discharge
• Ozone

Surface Disinfection

• Spray/Wipe Chemical Disinfectants
• Ultraviolet Energy (UV-C)
• Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide
• Ozone
• Pulsed Xenon Lamps
• 405 nm Visible Light
• Far Ultraviolet

Transportation

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Transportation                                                  

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TRANSPORTATION (PDF)

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Introduction

• Overview

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Guidance for Mass Transit Riders

• Person to Person Contact
• Masks
• Other Recommendations

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Guidance for Mass Transit Operations, Rail and Bus

• Challenges
• Demand-Controlled Ventilation
• HVAC and Windows
• Filter Replacement
• UV-C

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Guidance for Marine Passengers

• Procedures
• Ventilation and Air Distribution

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Guidance for Marine Operators

• Considerations
• Relevant Hotel Guidance
• Humidity Controls
• Outside Air vs. Recirculation
• Filtration
• UV-C

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Guidance for Air Passengers

• Face Masks
• Personal Air Outlets (PAO)

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Guidance for Air Operators

• Considerations
• Outside Air and Filter Replacement
• Modifications
• Shutdown of the ECS
• Avoiding Reduced Ventilation
• Social Distancing
• Loading and Deplaning Procedures
• Humidity
• Emergency Procedures

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Guidance for Transportation Facility Operation

• Considerations
• Emergency Plan
• Building Types
• Changes to HVAC Operation
• Social Distancing
• Reduced Facility Use

ASHRAE | Resources from Others

Technical Committees | Training | Handbook | Standards | Conference and Journal Papers | Books | Scientific

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ASHRAE Technical Committees | Return to Top

TC 5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

TC 9.6 Healthcare Facilities

TC 9.10 Laboratory Systems

TC 9.11 Clean Spaces

TC 2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment

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Training | Return to Top

ASHRAE Tech Hour

Free instructional video: Optimize Occupant Health, Building Energy Performance and Revenue through Indoor-Air Hydration

Understanding the powerful influence of indoor-air on humans is not just theoretically interesting; it has become an urgent topic for all of us.

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Briefing for U.S. House of Representatives Energy & Commerce Committee Staff
May 18, 2020
ASHRAE’s Epidemic Task Force & ASHRAE Guidance for Protecting Building Occupants from Covid-19 and Other Infectious Diseases
William P. Bahnfleth, Dennis Knight, Wade Conlan, Alice Yates

IEA Webinar
May 5, 2020
Infectious Aerosols and Impact of Covid-19 on HVAC Systems | William P. Bahnfleth

DOE Better Buildings Webinar
May 4, 2020
Managing HVAC Systems to Reduce Infectious Disease Transmission | William P. Bahnfleth

ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer Program

The ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer (DL) Program was developed to provide ASHRAE Chapters with lecturers equipped to speak on relevant subjects of interest to ASHRAE members and guests without incurring huge costs. Several lecturers have presentations applicable to these topics. View more information about the program and see the list of lecturers and the topics their presentations cover.

VIEW

ASHRAE Course

Reducing Infectious Disease Transmission with UVGI
PDF | MP4 Video

ASHRAE Conference Seminars

Seminars from 2017 and after are available for free download in MP4 and PDF format. Older seminar recordings can be purchased in ASHRAE bookstore. 

2020 Winter Conference

Seminar 21 -- Putting People First: The Healing Power of Indoor Air

21-1. Putting People First: The Healing Power of Indoor Air
PDF | MP4 Video

21-2. Low Ambient Humidity Impairs Barrier Function and Innate Resistance Against Influenza Infection
PDF | MP4 Video

21-3. Operating and Intensive Care Room Hospital Acquired Infection Prevention Safety Surveillance System
PDF | MP4 Video

2019 Winter Conference

Seminar 1 -- Updating Scientific Evidence about the Effects of Low Humidity on People

1-1. RP–1630, “Update the Scientific Evidence for Specifying Lower Limit Relative Humidity Levels for Comfort, Health and IEQ in Occupied Spaces”
PDF | MP4

1-2. 40 Is the New 20, Balanced Air-Hydration for Health!
PDF | MP4

1-3. Limiting Criteria for Human Exposure to Low Humidity
PDF | MP4

Seminar 37 -- Space Pressurization for Infection Control and Hospital Accreditation

37-1. Controlling Contaminants with Space Pressurization
 PDF |  MP4 Video
 
37-2. Creating a Program to Identify and Monitor Pressurized Spaces in a Hospital
 PDF|  MP4 Video

Seminar 56 -- Humidity IS Health

56-1. The Effects of Indoor-Air Relative Humidity on Health Outcomes and Cognitive Function in Residents in a Long-term Care Facility
 PDF |  MP4 Video

56-2. The Impact of Steam Humidification on Influenza Virus in Preschool Classrooms
 PDF |  MP4 Video

56-3. New Options! Fogging Systems in Healthcare Applications
 PDF |  MP4 Video

56-4. Estimating the Break-even Point of the Most Common Steam and Adiabatic Systems
 PDF |  MP4 Video

Seminars Available for Purchase

2015 Winter Conference

Seminar 49 -- Isolation Room Design, Research and Construction (Case Study)

2014 Annual Conference

Seminar 27 -- Airborne Particle and Bacteria Control Technologies and Flow Demand Control for Energy Conservation in Critical and Controlled Environments

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ASHRAE Handbook Content | Return to Top

2019 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications

Chapter 9, Health Care Facilities
 I-P | SI

Chapter 13. Aircraft
I-P | SI

Chapter 62, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment
 I-P |  SI

2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals

Chapter 10, Indoor Environmental Health
 I-P |  SI

2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment

Chapter 17. Ultraviolet Lamp Systems
I-P | SI

Chapter 22, Humidifiers
 I-P | SI

Chapter 26, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
I-P | SI

Chapter 29, Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants
 I-P |  SI

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ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines | Return to Top

Free editions for online reading and links to purchase print and/or electronic copies

Guideline 1.4-2019 -- Preparing Systems Manuals for Facilities
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ASHRAE Guideline 11-2018 -Field Testing of HVAC Control Components
Read free online coming soon | Purchase print or PDF

ASHRAE Guideline 12-2020 -- Managing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

ASHRAE Guideline 28-2016 -- Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

ASHRAE Guideline 29-2019 -- Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in Buildings
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

Guideline 36-2018 -- High-Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2017 -- Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 -- Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019 -- Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2019 -- Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111-2008 (RA 2017) -- Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building HVAC Systems (ANSI Approved)
Read free online| Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2018 -- Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2017 -- Ventilation of Health Care Facilities
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 180-2018 -- Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems (ACCA Co-sponsored)
Read free online| Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 183-2007 (RA 2017) -- Peak Cooling and Heating Load Calculations in Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ACCA Co-sponsored)
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 185.2-2014 -- Method of Testing Ultraviolet Lamps for Use in HVAC&R Units or Air Ducts to Inactivate Microorganisms on Irradiated Surfaces
Read free online | Purchase print of PDF

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2018 -- Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems
Read free online | Purchase print or PDF

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Conference and Journal Papers | Return to Top

ASHRAE Conference Papers

Conference papers from 2017 and after are avaiable for free download in PDF format. Older papers can be purchased in ASHRAE's bookstore. 

2019 Annual Conference

 KC-19-C021 -- Infectious Passenger Isolation System for Aircraft

 KC-19-C020 -- Designing Simplified Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms to Reduce Infection Rate in Future Pandemics

2017 Annual Conference

 LB-17-C005 -- An Efficient Ventilation Configuration for Preventing Bioaerosol Exposures to Health Care Workers in Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms

2016 Annual Conference

 ST-16-004 (GIA 15-16) -- Assessing Effectiveness of Ceiling-Ventilated Mock Airborne Infection Isolation Room in Preventing Hospital-Acquired Influenza Transmission to Health-Care Workers

2015 Winter Conference

CH-15-C017 -- Effectiveness of a Local Ventilation/Filtration Intervention for Health-Care Worker Exposure Reduction to Airborne Infection in a Hospital Room

2014 Winter Conference

NY-14-C023 -- Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) in Hospital HVAC Decreases Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

2012 Winter Conference

CH-12-C057 -- Assessment of Health-Care Worker Exposure to Pandemic Flu in Hospital Rooms 

ASHRAE Journal Papers

IEQ Applications: Guidance for Building Operations During the COVID-19 Pandemic - May 2020

 IEQ Applications: Designing for Airborne Infection Control - July 2019

 Improved Ventilation System For Removal of Airborne Contamination in Airborne Infectious Isolation Rooms - Feb 2019

 Bioaerosols in Health-Care Environments - Aug 2014

 IAQ Applications: Ventilation, Crowds, and the Common Cold - Feb 2014

 IAQ Applications: Hospital Surge Capacity - Sept 2011

 Health Issues: HVAC & Infectious Diseases - June 2009

Ultraviolet Germidical Irradiation: Current Best Practices - August 2008

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ASHRAE Books Content | Return to Top

Chapter 10, Disaster Planning and Emergency Management:
HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics, 2nd ed.

Free Download: Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction and Commissioning

Read Free Online: Residential Indoor Air Quality

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Scientific | Return to Top                                                  

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SCIENTIFIC (PDF)

Infectious Aerosol Position Document statements

Short-list references associated with Position Document

For additional annotated references, please refer to the the PDF

ASHRAE Research Projects

RP-1635 -- Simplified Procedure for Calculating Exhaust/Intake Separation Distances

   RP-1458 -- Modeling Person-to-Person Contaminant Transport in a Mechanical Ventilation Space - Oct 2013

   RP-776 -- Investigate and Identify Means of Controlling Virus in Indoor Air by Ventilation, Filtration Or Source Removal - 1993

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Resources from Others | Return to Top

WELL Certification

Strategies From The Well Building Standard to Support in the Fight Against COVID-19

Cushman & Wakefield

Recovery Readiness: A How-to Guide for Reopening Your Workplace, v.1

The Safe Six Checklist

APIC Guidance

In the 1950s, the relationship among particle size, airborne suspension, and transmission implications began to become clear. The different routes require different control strategies, which have evolved over many years of infectious disease practice, and there are now standards of practice for infectious disease and hospital epidemiology. See the Professional Practice documents available from the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology at https://www.apic.org

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